As we will learn, cognitive neuroscience had very humble beginnings back in the time of the Romans, and was essentially dormant for close to two millennia thereafter. A surge of interest in anatomy, and the brain in particular, overtook scientists in Europe in the mid-1800s, pushing the field forward. This time period coincided with interest in mapping brain structure to function and description of brain circuits that form the foundations of cognitive neuroscience today. The need to serve the veterans of two World Wars, encompassing regions across the planet, led to a worldwide examination of the behavioral consequences of brain damage. Toward the end of the twentieth century and continuing on until today, an explosion of methods has allowed scientists for the first time to link brain structure and function to mental function in neurologically intact people.
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