Life expectancy at birth shows how long residents of a country live; it is a summary measure of their health. Residents of richer countries tend to live longer, but you want to know the strength of that pattern. You also want to identify countries where people live especially long for the income level of their country, to start thinking about what may cause their exceptional health. You download cross-country data on life expectancy and GDP per capita, and you want to uncover the pattern of association between them. How would you do that in a way that accommodates potentially nonlinear patterns and, at the same time, produces results that you can interpret?
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