Many different phases of matter can be characterized by the symmetries that they break.The Ising model for interacting spins illustrates this idea.In the absence of a magnetic field, there is a critical temperature, below which there is ferromagnetic ordering, and above which there is not.The magnetization is the order parameter for this transition: it is non-zero only when there is ferromagnetic ordering.The ferromagnetic phase transition in the Ising model is explored using the approximate method of mean field theory.Exact solutions are known for the Ising model in one and two dimensions and are discussed, along with numerical solutions using Monte Carlo simulations.Finally, the ideas of broken symmetry and their relationship to phase transitions are placed in the general framework of Landau theory and compared to results from mean field theory.
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