These modulation techniques are widely used in practice. We quantify the trade-off between data rate and energy for these techniques and compare performance with the capacity limits discussed in Chapter 1. We begin by discussing MPSK, where the information determines the phase of a sinusoidal signal. Second, we discuss PAM and QAM, in which the amplitude in one and two dimensions, respectively, are varied depending on the data. Third, we discuss orthogonal modulation in which the bandwidth efficiency is very low, but the required energy is also very low.
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