The Earth’s interior is the focus of this chapter, where we present the most important methods and data sources that allow us to gain information about the inside of our planet. Seismic waves give us refraction and reflection data and are used together with magnetic and gravity anomaly data in increasingly sophisticated ways. Seismic tomography is presented, which provides images and models of the interior. In this chapter it is shown how variations in S and P wave velocities are essential to our understanding of Earth’s interior, and how different kinds of geophysical data can be used to generate anomaly images that reflect rheologic variations, magma, partial melting and phase transformations. Some parts of the planet are dominated by descending cool lithosphere and mantle, while others are regions of net upwelling. The deep geodynamic processes are related to plate motions, but in a complex way that needs a better understanding.
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