The Neuroscience of Language

This chapter introduces the methods used in cognitive neuroscience to study language processing in the human brain. It begins by explaining the basics of neural signaling (such as the action potential) and then delves into various brain imaging techniques. Structural imaging methods like MRI and diffusion tensor imaging are covered, which reveal the brain’s anatomy. The chapter then explores functional imaging approaches that measure brain activity, including EEG, MEG, and fMRI. Each method’s spatial and temporal resolution are discussed. The text also touches on non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like TMS and tES. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes the importance of converging evidence from multiple methods to draw robust conclusions about brain function. Methodological considerations such as the need for proper statistical comparisons are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how neurodegenerative diseases have informed our understanding of language in the brain. Overall, this comprehensive overview equips readers with the foundational knowledge needed to critically evaluate neuroscience research on language processing.