The same volume-averaging procedure used in Chapter 2 shows how to transition from the Maxwell’s equations controlling the electromagnetic fields of fundamental particles in vacuum to the continuum form of Maxwell’s equations describing the electromagnetic fields averaged over large numbers of molecules. The Maxwell stress tensor is derived for the body forces acting on the molecules. The macroscopic form of Maxwell’s equations and the associated electromagnetic fields are obtained when the frame of reference is moving with the center of mass of each collection of molecules. The laws of reversible polarization are obtained by time differentiation of the electromagnetic energy density. The law of electromigration (Ohm’s law) is obtained from a nonequilibrium thermodynamics perspective. Conditions are obtained for the neglect of the material movement in the continuum theory of electromagnetism. Electromagnetic continuity conditions are derived and used on example problems. The continuum form of Newtonian gravity is derived. Expressions for the Coriolis and centrifugal forces are derived when the frame of reference is rotating about an axis.

The aim of this chapter is to explore issues around UNESCO World Heritage sites, especially relating to biodiversity in the MENA region. It discusses challenges to the effective conservation and protection of heritage sites and the need for a holistic approach to conservation. Sections address the following: the fifty-year institutional development of UNESCO World Heritage, leading to the current situation of urgent action needed on climate change and the Sustainable Development Agenda 2015–30; World Heritage in the MENA region, especially biodiversity issues; and related legal, policy, and regulatory issues of biodiversity protection, including prospects for reviving intangible knowledge, and their relation to the Sustainable Development Goals 11, 13, and 15. Conclusions and recommendations address prospects for biodiversity and World Heritage protection in the region.

Explores issues of checkerboarding and federal, state, and Tribal jurisdiction patterns on migratory pronghorn antelope through the story of a famous case – Taylor V. Lawrence – about a famous fence.

Kanye West’s plans to build a Yeezy utopia in Wyoming run headlong into an endangered species, the Greater Sage-Grouse, whose protection must trump other development activities.

Policy and investments based on assumptions of rational economic behaviour are often blind to the deeply ingrained social and cultural dispositions that govern choices. For instance, demand-driven ideologies backing community management assume that users will manage and pay for water infrastructure they need. Public awareness campaigns communicate water-related health risks assuming that information will change behaviour. However, extensive evidence across geographies and cultures have proven otherwise. To understand individuals’ and households’ daily water practices and how they vary across different environmental and institutional contexts, we designed and implemented the water diary method in Kenya and Bangladesh. The diaries captured household water source choices and expenditures every day for a whole year, complemented by interdisciplinary analysis of climate, infrastructure, and policy. With global and national monitoring efforts being largely based on aggregate snapshots generated through infrequent surveys, we argue how such granular behavioural dynamics can better inform policy and practice for an equitable water secure future.

The One Health framework has gained more importance in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak and the rise of other zoonotic diseases. However, complexities arise in the application of the One Health approach within the context of a global public health disease outbreak, especially in a culturally rich, as well as economically and politically distinctive region such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Against this background, the chapter asks: What are the limits of the effective implementation of the One Health framework in the MENA region? This chapter examines this question through the theoretical lens of Substantive Legal Effectiveness (SLE), which suggests that law’s failure to reflect the diverse identities, needs, and contexts of all subject to the law, especially those who are already socially, economically, ethnically and/or historically marginalized, affects law’s effectiveness. While SLE offers a comprehensive and distinctive overarching framework to examine the limits of the One Health Framework in the MENA region, the chapter also draws upon the theoretical contributions of decolonial studies, specifically on the subject of decolonization of health and ecological knowledges.

This chapter examines the role of national and regional institutions in promoting integrated regulation and administration of biodiversity and forest management in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Drawing lessons from Morocco, it evaluates current legal and institutional challenges in the integrated management of forest and biodiversity. This chapter examines four fundamental themes raised by the legal and judicial protection of the forests. First, it examines the need for integrated regulation of biodiversity and forest management, given the interconnectedness of these two elements. Second, it evaluates integration gaps and challenges in laws relating to forest management and biodiversity in Morocco. Third, it evaluates institutional arrangements in forest management in Morocco, especially the role of the Water and Forestry Agency in activating integrated management of forest and biodiversity in Morocco. Fourth, it offers recommendations on how to advance integrated management of forest and biodiversity in Morocco and across the Maghreb region.

Nonequilibrium transport equations are derived for two types of diffusive systems: (1) viscous fluids made of a single molecular species that support thermal flux and (2) two-component (solute and solvent) miscible fluids that support solute flux and thermal flux. The general statement of energy conservation for any viscous fluid is derived and used to obtain the statement of entropy conservation for each system type. This identifies the irreversible entropy production of each system, which in turn produces linear transport laws relating the nonequilibrium diffusive flux to the gradients in the intensive parameters. The matrix of transport coefficients in the transport laws is proven to be symmetric (Onsager symmetry) using the continuum governing equations and requires the direction of flow to be reversed to obtain symmetry. Capillary physics is treated using Cahn–Hilliard theory that resolves the gradients in concentration across transition layers separating two immiscible, or partially miscible, fluid. The rules of contact-line movement (imbibition and drainage) in conduits are derived from a more macroscopic perspective where the transition layers are modeled as sharp interfaces.

Living in coastal Bangladesh is a good working definition of being water insecure. Cyclones and storm surges overwhelm the deltaic floodplains with high salinity in groundwater limiting safe drinking water. Decades of government, donor and household investments have created a portfolio of drinking water technologies – tube wells, pond sand filters, piped schemes, and rainwater harvesting – with varied water quality, costs and maintenance needs. Differences in local hydrogeology, infrastructure gaps, and seasonal variability create inequalities in water availability and cost burdens. Informal vendors source water from distant tube wells and reverse osmosis plants, selling it to places with no other alternatives. The Water Diaries chart households’ daily water source choices, facing uncertain health risks and high-cost burdens. Drawing on this research evidence, a new model for professional service delivery has been piloted in schools and healthcare facilities. Pilot results showed that the SafePani model can achieve water safety and reliability at less than USD 1 per person per year. The government has invested in scaling up the SafePani model through results-based funding, in recognition of the need for institutional and financial reforms for sustainable andsafe rural drinking water services.

This chapter shows how to transition exactly from discrete molecular dynamics to the averaged continuum dynamics controlling the movement of the center of mass of large numbers of molecules. Discrete particle dynamics is described from the classical Newton–Maxwell perspective and from the quantum perspective with an emphasis on how quantum effects control the force interactions between molecules. Representing atoms using the Dirac delta function in three dimensions (a field) is introduced along with the volume-averaging theorem that defines the macroscopic gradient of volume-averaged fields. The continuum statements of the conservation of mass and momentum of large numbers of atoms are derived. It is shown that the forces causing the center of mass of a collection of molecules to move come entirely from molecules that lie outside the collection. In so doing, the stress tensor is obtained as sums over the molecular-force interactions and a sum over the thermal (random) kinetic energy of the molecules. Body forces are defined as the long-range force fields of electromagnetism and gravity acting on each collection of molecules.