Thermal and zero-point fluctuations of charges and electromagnetic fields give rise to fluctuation-induced forces, known as dispersion forces. To understand these forces, we first discuss the properties of stationary stochastic fields and derive fluctuation–dissipation theorems for both fields and sources. Fluctuating sources give rise to Johnson noise in resistors and to blackbody radiation and heat transfer. For a pair of polarizable particles, we derive the Casimir–Polder potential and evaluate it for short and large separations, which renders the Van der Waals and the Casimir force, respectively. For a particle moving in a thermal field, we find a viscous force, referred to as vacuum friction. We show that zero-point fluctuations are responsible for shot noise in optical power measurements and for radiation pressure shot noise exerted on irradiated objects. Shot noise is responsible for measurement imprecision and radiation pressure shot noise for measurement backaction, the disturbance of an object by the measuring optical field. We show that imprecision and backaction noise set a limit to measurement accuracies, known as the standard quantum limit, and that their product is fundamentally bound by the so-called Heisenberg limit.

Coupled mode theory considers the interaction between eigensolutions of a system (modes). It is a theoretical framework that underlies many physical phenomena, such as coupled optical cavities and waveguides, cavity optomechanics or the coupling between atoms and cavities. We derive the coupled-mode equations for a system of harmonic oscillators and transform them into Bloch equations, which allows us to represent the solutions on the Bloch sphere. We discuss mode coupling (hybridization) and coherent control protocols, such as Ramsey interferometry and dispersive coupling. We consider time-dependent interactions and analyze adiabatic and diabatic transitions (Landau-Zener tunneling). The control of damping brings us to topics such as time-reversal symmetry breaking, exceptional points and non-Hermitian dynamics. We discuss the limits of ultrastrong coupling and nonlinear interactions and analyze the phenomenon of induced transparency. Finally, we analyze the dynamics of optomechanical systems and discuss the transition to multimode systems and quantum mechanics.

Matter consists of charges that interact with electromagnetic fields. This interaction gives rise to mechanical forces that can be utilized to control matter. Based on Maxwell’s equations we derive a continuity equation for linear momentum, which allows us to calculate the force exerted by an optical field on an arbitrary object. We derive the radiation pressure acting on an irradiated surface and show that if the surface is in motion, it will experience a viscous force known as radiation damping. We then investigate the force acting on a tiny particle characterized by its polarizability $\alpha$, and split this force into conservative and nonconservative parts. This leads to the concepts of gradient and scattering forces, which are widely used for the manipulation of atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles. We discuss the properties of optical tweezers and derive the torque exerted on a particle by a circularly polarized light beam. Finally, we discuss how the motion of a vacuum-trapped particle can be amplified or cooled via feedback and touch on the limits imposed by zero-point fluctuations.

The chapter introduces the significance, theory, and applications of optical antennas. We begin by discussing the necessity of enhancing light–matter interactions, followed by an introduction to elements of classical radio-frequency antenna theory, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of optical antenna theory. We then discuss optical antenna theory, highlighting both similarities and deviations from the radio-frequency regime. This includes a detailed examination of antenna parameters used to describe the performance of antenna designs, as well as the mechanisms behind antenna-enhanced light–matter interactions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of coupled-dipole antennas, emphasizing their unique properties and practical applications.

Optical resonators store electromagnetic energy. The finite response time of optical resonators provides a feedback mechanism for controlling the dynamics of atomic and mechanical systems and to effectively exchange energy between light and matter. This chapter starts with a derivation of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a confocal optical cavity. The spectrum is characterized by multiple resonances and for most applications a single resonance can be singled out. This leads to the single-mode approximation. We derive the energy stored in the cavity and evaluate the fields of a cavity that is internally excited by a radiating dipole. We calculate the LDOS and derive an expression for cavity-enhanced emission (Purcell effect). We continue with an analysis of microsphere resonators with characteristic whispering-gallery modes and review the effective potential approach, which allows us to cast the problem in form of a Schr\“odinger equation, with parallels to quantum tunneling and radioactive decay. The next section is focused on deriving the cavity perturbation formula, which states that a change in energy is accompanied by a frequency shift. Having established a solid understanding of optical resonators we discuss the interplay of optical and mechanical degrees of freedom within the context of cavity optomechanics. We derive the optomechanical coupling rate and discuss the resolved sideband and the weak-retardation regimes.

The intersection of statistical mechanics and mathematical analysis has proved a fertile ground for mathematical physics and probability, and in the decades since lattice gases were first proposed as a model for describing physical systems at the atomic level, our understanding of them has grown tremendously. A book that provides a comprehensive account of the methods used in the study of phase transitions for Ising models and classical and quantum Heisenberg models has been long overdue. This book, written by one of the masters of the subject, is just that.

Topics covered include correlation inequalities, Lee–Yang theorems, the Peierls method, the Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner method, infrared bounds, random cluster methods, random current methods, and BKT transition. The final section outlines major open problems to inspire future work.

This is a must-have reference for researchers in mathematical physics and probability and serves as an entry point, albeit advanced, for students entering this active area.

The intersection of statistical mechanics and mathematical analysis has proved a fertile ground for mathematical physics and probability, and in the decades since lattice gases were first proposed as a model for describing physical systems at the atomic level, our understanding of them has grown tremendously. A book that provides a comprehensive account of the methods used in the study of phase transitions for Ising models and classical and quantum Heisenberg models has been long overdue. This book, written by one of the masters of the subject, is just that.

Topics covered include correlation inequalities, Lee–Yang theorems, the Peierls method, the Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner method, infrared bounds, random cluster methods, random current methods, and BKT transition. The final section outlines major open problems to inspire future work.

This is a must-have reference for researchers in mathematical physics and probability and serves as an entry point, albeit advanced, for students entering this active area.

The chapter discusses quantum emitters, exploring their fundamental mechanisms, properties, and applications. Beginning with two-level systems, we introduce the concept of extinction cross-section. To capture phenomena, such as fluorescence, the discussion extends to four-level systems and spontaneous as well as stimulated emission processes, crucial for understanding laser operation. We then examine the dependence of the quantum yield on the local environment. Single-photon emission is scrutinized in terms of the second-order autocorrelation function through both steady-state and time-dependent analyses, providing a comprehensive understanding of this essential feature of quantum emitters. The chapter further addresses the generation of indistinguishable single photons, a key requirement for quantum computing and secure communication. Various types of quantum emitters are then introduced, including fluorescent molecules, semiconductor quantum dots, and color centers in diamond, each with unique properties and applications. Finally, single molecules are presented as probes for localized fields, with an in-depth look at field distributions in a laser focus and sources of strongly localized fields.