Rangelands are among the most extensive land use systems globally, supporting the livelihoods of billions of people, sustaining pastoral economies, conserving biodiversity and providing critical ecosystem services. Despite their importance, they remain among the least consistently monitored ecosystems. This lack of standardized, high-quality data constrains the ability to assess degradation, evaluate restoration efforts and report progress toward national and global targets. We conducted a review of existing rangeland monitoring frameworks, standards, and remote sensing platforms to understand the methodologies used and indicators measured. Results highlight significant fragmentation and inconsistency in current approaches, underscoring the urgent need for standardized monitoring systems that can capture the complexity and variability of rangeland ecosystems. The Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF) was developed in response to the need for systematic assessments of soil health, land degradation and vegetation diversity within and across landscapes, including in rangelands. In this article, we present the LDSF as a well-established, scalable approach for monitoring soil and land health, underpinning a globally harmonized rangeland monitoring system. Over the last two decades, the LDSF has been implemented in over 40 countries in the tropics and subtropics and has become an important database of georeferenced indicators of ecosystem health. In this article, we: (i) report findings from a systematic review of existing rangeland monitoring frameworks, standards, and remote sensing platforms; (ii) synthesize the LDSF’s geospatially stratified, hierarchical sampling design and core indicator framework; and (iii) demonstrate how LDSF field data and Earth Observation are combined to generate spatially explicit, statistically robust maps of soil and land health, including in African rangelands.

Dust storms are pervasive across much of the inland and arid regions of California. These extreme meteorological and air pollution events affect the state’s environment and economy, as well as the health of the nearly 5 million people living in dust-prone areas. Developing effective strategies to address the deleterious impacts of dust storms requires a clear understanding of their causes, spatial and temporal variability, and the efficacy of mitigation techniques. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on dust storms in California, including where they occur, the landscape and climatic factors governing their geographic distribution, drivers of historical and projected future changes, and their impacts on human health, the economy and natural systems. This work assesses existing approaches for mitigating and adapting to dust storms and identifies critical gaps in understanding that currently limit effective responses within the state. This review is intended as a resource for researchers, community-based organizations, state agencies and policymakers engaged in addressing dust impacts in California. While the focus is regional, the environmental processes, societal impacts and management challenges discussed here are broadly applicable to drylands, making this work relevant beyond California.

This study, conducted under ESA’s Global Development Assistance programme, presents a pilot demonstration integrating Earth Observation (EO) data into livestock management in Paraguay. Led by GMV in collaboration with FECOPROD and the World Bank, the study applied the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, driven by Sentinel-2 and climate data, to generate high-resolution, 10-metre dry matter biomass (DMB) maps. These products were calibrated using field plots and integrated into a dedicated application for trend analysis. Model validation against ground-truth bale weights showed strong performance with an R2 of 0.89 and an RMSE of 8.83%. The results suggest that EO-derived insights can support the optimisation of grazing patterns, potentially helping to prevent overgrazing. This provides farmers with actionable data to align feed production with seasonal cycles, improving resource management. However, the current validation is limited to a single year and confined to managed plots within the study area; further work is required to assess model performance across different seasonal conditions and in the broader Chaco landscape, where mixed woody vegetation is prevalent. Notwithstanding these limitations, this scalable approach demonstrates potential to reduce environmental impact while enhancing productivity and offers a replicable framework for Paraguay’s agricultural sector and similar regions globally, pending further validation.

Effective land use planning must consider both instrumental (monetary) and intrinsic (non-monetary) values derived from nature to ensure that the significance of natural assets is adequately integrated into our perspectives, planning processes and resource management strategies. As an initial step toward this broader objective, we characterize ecosystem services (cultural, supporting, regulating and provisioning) and potential biodiversity (indicator species of plants, insects, lizards, birds and mammals) within the predominant vegetation types (wetlands, shrublands and grasslands) located in Santa Cruz province, Argentina. Our findings reveal that vegetation types support distinct potential biodiversity and offer unique bundles of ecosystem services. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for land use planning in Santa Cruz (Argentina), integrating considerations of ecosystem services and biodiversity values. For cultural ecosystem services, wetlands exhibited the highest aesthetic and recreational values, while dwarf-shrublands scored highest for existence values. Wetlands were also important for regulating ecosystem services, whereas steppe grasslands ranked the lowest in this regard. Although steppe grasslands possess the highest potential biodiversity values, these values are not distributed homogeneously, with hotspots located: (i) on the southern border of Santa Cruz (4 million ha), (ii) 2.75 million ha in the north, and (iii) one smaller area of 1.25-million ha in the central-east.

We provide a perspective on Walter (Walt) Whitford, a colleague and friend, who was a remarkable ecologist. Walt loved to study the fauna living in the soils of drylands. To study termites, Walt visited Australia in 1986 and 1987 as a guest of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Rangelands Research Laboratory in Deniliquin, New South Wales. Walt joined our research team at a site in the semiarid woodlands about 40 km northwest of Louth, NSW. Walt proposed studies to show that termite activities enhanced the ecosystem functionality of these woodlands. As described in two case studies, we confirmed this hypothesis. Termite activities functioned to increase water infiltration, soil fertility and herbage biomass and diversity within two common features found in these woodlands, mulga log mounds and mulga tree groves, creating fertile patches. Walt returned for a shorter visit in 1990 and encouraged further studies in Australia and elsewhere to confirm that termite-mediated processes enhanced functionality beyond fine-scale patch effects to local watersheds. While Walt’s time in Australia was limited, his mentoring expanded our studies into new areas of theoretical and practical research, including landscape ecology and restoration ecology.

This study extends the two-step stochastic metafrontier approach to multiple-output farms to investigate technology gap in the dryland areas of West Africa using cross-sectional data from randomly selected farmers in Ghana, Mali and Nigeria. Results show that Nigeria has a higher average metatechnical efficiency (MTE) with on average 64% for Nigeria, 46% for Mali and 28% for Ghana with the same trends for the metatechnology ratios (MTR). This implies that, from the dryland farming metafrontier, farmers in Ghana are technically inefficient than those in Mali, and both are technically inefficient than farmers in Nigeria. The comparison of the MTR with the country specific efficiency (TE) shows that, technical inefficiency with respect to the metafrontier in Ghana and Mali comes mainly from the technology gap than operating inefficiency, whereas it comes primarily from production inefficiency in Nigeria. Finally, analysis of the sources of inefficiencies suggests that country-specific policies and programmes that help reduce the gap and targeting the important drivers of efficiency such as household size and access to credit are needed to improve technical efficiency. Overall, this study shows that there is economic and food security gain in enhancing farmer managerial performance strategies in the dryland zone.

Arid rangelands can be highly productive, but are often degraded by human activity, particularly soil disturbance due to mining, overgrazing or unsustainable farming practices. A range of soil treatments is used to rehabilitate and restore degraded rangelands. These focus on the capture of water and wind-blown sediment to promote vegetation growth and soil stabilisation. We examined how moderately large human-constructed micro catchments altered soil surface temperatures in a pilot trial to explore their potential impacts on vegetation establishment. We found that temperatures at the base of the depressions (pits) were greater than those in the controls in both summer and winter, but only in the mornings. Under high daytime temperatures, however, the pits were always cooler than the controls. This moderating effect on surface temperatures likely provides a more suitable environment for plant establishment and growth.

Special soils with extreme properties form insular habitats often supporting endemic species and unique communities. An uncertainty is how these communities may change through time, such as during periods of climatic changes including droughts. On unique, gypsum-associated soils in the Mojave Desert, USA, we examined multi-decade change in plant communities, including conservation-priority, special-status species. Within our 18-year study period, different community features and components varied in their degree of stability or change among three measurement years (2008, 2020 and 2025). Community species composition, total plant cover, cover of gypsophiles associated with gypsum, and shrub density changed little, while turnover in most perennial forbs was high. Two conservation-priority perennial forbs, Anulocaulis leiosolenus and Arctomecon californica, declined in density by 86–100% between 2008 and 2025, though the species may persist in soil seed banks and have naturally cyclic population fluctuations. Despite our study encompassing an overall multi-decade dry period and a severe 2020–2022 drought, turnover in shrubs was minimal. Although dieback occurred, multiple metrics (e.g., species rank-abundance curves) of perennial community structure were stable. Results portray these gypsum-associated communities as exhibiting high temporal turnover in perennial forbs overall, concomitant with stable shrub components and community structure.

The grazing of livestock on arid and hyper-arid rangelands is the dominant land use across much of the Arabian Peninsula, and is a human activity of large historical, cultural, and economical importance. In this perspective, we outline the historical trajectory of pastoralism in the Arabian Peninsula, examine its transformation over the past century, and propose a framework for sustaining this practice amid contemporary environmental and social pressures. Our context is the seven countries that make up the Peninsula, but with an emphasis on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, given its size and geopolitical influence. A substantial part of Arabian rangelands is severely degraded due to overgrazing by goats, sheep and camels. This degradation has been accompanied by declines in customary pastoral and social practices such as al hima, which allowed rangelands to be grazed and managed sustainability for more than a thousand years. Major transformation in current pastoral practices is needed to ensure that Arabian rangelands continue to sustain people and ecosystems into the next century. An important need is to build capacity and capability in organisations and individuals charged with managing rangelands. This requires the establishment of programmes that include, but are not limited to, a greater investment in the science and management of pastoralism, including the need to develop and promote systems to monitor environmental change under different grazing practices. Rangeland management and conservation programmes should also aim to incorporate elements of traditional pastoral systems such as al hima, managed by local herders, to promote a more sustainable utilisation of rangeland resources. Together, it is hoped that these actions will create a core group of local scientists working on local solutions, with a reduced reliance on international experts. Finally, we advocate for a greater strengthening of communal governance of rangeland resources. This should include greater support for pastoral groups to ensure that land management is socially grounded, and co-investment in conservation and pastoralism. By linking science, tradition, and local empowerment, the Arabian Peninsula has the potential to lead a new era of sustainable pastoralism in the world’s arid and hyper-arid rangelands.

The rapid spread of non-native perennial grasses across South American savannas poses a growing threat to native plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. They disrupt key ecological processes, including fire regimes, nutrient cycling and plant community dynamics, driving the loss of functional diversity and the homogenization of native vegetation. This review compiles current knowledge on the ecological impacts of the nine most invasive perennial grass species in South American savannas and the challenges faced in controlling them, with a particular emphasis on the Brazilian Cerrado. We examine the mechanisms by which they outcompete native species, alter soil–plant interactions and inhibit natural regeneration. Particular attention is given to the ecological traits that confer competitive advantages to these invasive grasses under conditions of disturbance, increased nutrient availability and climate change. We also evaluate the challenges faced in the ecological restoration of invaded areas and discuss integrated strategies for controlling invasions and promoting the recovery of native species. This synthesis underscores the urgent need to address invasions by non-native grasses through coordinated research, new policies and management efforts aimed to safeguard the long-term biodiversity and ecological resilience of South American savannas.

Drylands are increasingly degraded by livestock grazing, mining, recreation, off-road vehicles and wildfire. These disturbances damage biological soil crusts (biocrusts) that stabilize soil, cycle nutrients, and store carbon. Farming biocrust as transplantable “sods” offers a promising restoration approach, but invasive plants colonizing sods risk contaminating restoration areas. Manually removing invasives is labor-intensive and unreliable. To determine the viability of herbicide control of weeds while cultivating biocrust, we tested four herbicide treatments, hand-cutting and untreated controls on biocrust sods seeded with the rapidly invading Oncosiphon pilulifer (stinknet) and, later, native plants. We measured biocrust and stinknet cover, native seedling establishment and treatment costs. Late-successional biocrust (lichens, mosses and dark cyanobacteria) grew best under all herbicide treatments compared to controls. Post-emergent herbicides (aminopyralid and glyphosate) effectively controlled stinknet while allowing later native seedling establishment. Preemergent indaziflam prevented both stinknet and native plant establishment. Preemergent aminopyralid was less effective against stinknet. Post-emergent aminopyralid and preemergent indaziflam were most cost-effective and suitable for promoting or preventing native recruitment, respectively. Herbicide application to biocrust sods represents a significant advancement in making biocrust farming economically viable by reducing manual labor, while providing critical information for combating an emerging invasive species threat.

Compost amendments are a promising tool for building productivity in degraded rangelands, but the effect on biological soil crusts (biocrusts), the surface microbial communities found in drylands, has not been investigated. Biocrusts contribute both carbon uptake and other ecosystem services in drylands. We investigated how 6.3 mm of surface-dressed compost at a Tribal rangeland in central New Mexico, USA, affected temperature, carbon and nitrogen characteristics, the relative abundance of biocrust microbial communities (fungi and bacteria) – specifically cyanobacterial communities – as well as the resulting aggregate stability at the soil surface after 1 year. Surface temperature maxima increased with compost addition in cooler ambient conditions, and the δ13C signatures of the soils from compost addition plots were >1‰ lighter compared to controls, indicating >35% of soil carbon was compost-derived, but organic C, total N percentage and aggregate stability did not differ among compost treatments. Several compost-derived taxa became indicator species in the amended plots, and compost addition decreased cyanobacteria relative abundance up to 58%. While previous results show that compost may benefit plants from a slow-release fertilization effect and soil carbon in deeper soil layers increases, there could be complex impacts on biocrust organic carbon with changing temperature and microbial community.

Climate hazards impact pastoral communities due to their dependency on nature for their primary livelihoods. This study analyzes climate risk in ten pastoral livestock farming communities in Patagonia drylands of Argentina. A participatory impact chains (PICs) approach was used as a qualitative and participatory bottom-up methodology allowing for the identification and contextualization of climate hazards, exposure, intermediate impacts and vulnerability dimensions through knowledge co-production with local stakeholders. Results show that, although drought is the predominant climate hazard across the region, its impacts are heterogeneous and mediated by local socio-environmental conditions. The analysis underlines that vulnerability is not evenly distributed but is shaped by specific historical, political and environmental pathways. These findings challenge standardized top-down risk assessments, and highlight the need for adaptation strategies that are context-sensitive, territorially differentiated and that integrate local knowledge. The study also contributes to advancing qualitative participatory methodologies for climate risk assessment in pastoral systems in arid areas of Latin America, showing the regional heterogeneity and social inequalities.