This study investigates how language learners prioritize criteria for evaluating data-driven learning (DDL) tools and how these priorities relate to tool preference. While previous research has proposed multiple criteria for evaluating the perceived effectiveness of DDL tools in capturing the emic dimension of the learner experience, empirical work has scantily examined how learners differentially prioritize these criteria, or how such priority structures can be empirically incorporated into systematic comparisons of tools. Given the recent emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language learning, this study examines how GenAI-based tools may contribute to DDL when judged against learner-valued effectiveness criteria. Drawing on a literature review, six criteria were identified: sentence comprehensibility, relevance to semantic learning, relevance to syntactic learning, perceived pedagogical value, accessibility for independent use, and support for autonomous learning. Thirty-five Korean EFL university students completed an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) task. First, they made pairwise comparisons among the six criteria, yielding priority weights that indicated the relative importance learners attach to each aspect of DDL effectiveness. Second, the study compared the perceived effectiveness of a traditional online concordancer that accesses the British National Corpus with that of a custom-developed GenAI-based concordancer, prioritizing these weighted criteria. The results indicate that learners assign differentiated importance to the six criteria and that these priority patterns are associated with the concordance they regard as more effective. This study demonstrates the usefulness of AHP for modelling multi-criteria, perception-based evaluations of DDL tools and incorporating learners’ priority judgements into the comparison of alternative tool designs.

Phonaesthetics examines why some languages are perceived as more aesthetically appealing than others, independent of meaning. Here we test whether phonetic and phonological properties predict listeners’ evaluations of 24 European languages using studio-quality recordings of native speakers reading the same text. 204 participants rated each recording on four dimensions: beauty, eros, status and order on 0–100 scales and indicated whether the language sounded familiar. Because familiarity reliably boosts evaluations, we first quantified its impact and then focused our main analyses on trials where languages were not recognized. We fitted Bayesian multilevel models with random intercepts for listener and language to examine a broad set of predictors: consonant place and manner distributions, vocalic share, voiced consonants, a sonority index, vowel height and backness and suprasegmental typology (speech rate, syllable structure, stress and rhythm type). Across most model families, effects were small and uncertain, with credible intervals (CrIs) overlapping zero, and variance was dominated by between-listener differences. The clearest and most consistent segmental signal was vowel height: a higher proportion of close vowels predicted lower status and order ratings. Overall, the results suggest that while a few fine-grained segmental cues may shape specific evaluative dimensions, phonaesthetic judgments are strongly shaped by listener-level variability, with only a small number of fixed individual-difference and phonetic predictors showing robust associations.

This research was conducted in response to a report by a producer in southwestern Ontario of severe corn injury following an application that included multiple herbicides, an activator adjuvant, and a drift reduction agent. Eight field trials were conducted between 2024 and 2025 near Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, to evaluate corn tolerance to mixtures of multiple active ingredients, an adjuvant, and drift retardent applied at two early postemergence growth stages (V2 to V3 and V3 to V4). Isoxaflutole applied alone or in combination with atrazine at either growth stage caused minimal visible corn injury at all time points, with ≤1% injury at 1 wk after application (WAA) and no injury at 2, 4, 6, and 8 WAA. Isoxaflutole + atrazine + glyphosate, applied at the V2–V3 or V3–V4 stage, caused 7% and 9% visible corn injury at 1 WAA and 3% and 5% at 2 WAA, respectively; however, visible corn injury was ≤1% at 4, 6, and 8 WAA. Isoxaflutole + atrazine + glyphosate + HiActivate, applied at the V2–V3 and V3–V4 stages, caused greater and more persistent visible corn injury, with 7% and 16% injury at 1 WAA and 5% and 10% injury at 2 WAA, respectively; visible corn injury declined to ≤5% at 4, 6, and 8 WAA. Isoxaflutole + atrazine + glyphosate + HiActivate + InterLock, applied at the V2–V3 and V3–V4 stages, caused 17% and 28% visible corn injury at 1 WAA and 11% and 17% at 2 WAA, respectively. Visible corn injury persisted with up to 8%, 7%, and 4% injury at 4, 6, and 8 WAA, respectively. There was no adverse effect on corn height, biomass, and grain yield with any of the treatments evaluated at either application timing. Results indicate that tank mixtures with multiple active ingredients can increase visible corn injury, but the injury was transient and did not affect yield.

Gold mask burials constitute a remarkable cultural phenomenon linking diverse landscapes between the northern Aegean and the central Balkans. Their primary manifestation includes full-face masks and gold foils used to cover the body, accompanied by an ostentatious, largely standardized set of grave goods dating to the second half of the sixth century bce. The roots of this practice lie in earlier centuries, with modest gold sheets placed over the mouth. During the Late Archaic period, full masks and mouthpieces appeared in parallel, reflecting shared ritual traditions. This study traces the practice beyond the historical territory of the Macedonian kingdom, arguing against direct links to Macedonian ethnicity. By examining shared ceramic technology and settlement patterns, the paper suggests that the spread of this funerary custom was driven by medium- to large-scale mobility. This model favours fluid cultural interactions over the ‘heroic’ narratives of large-scale invasions or political expansions previously presumed to have occurred across these culturally diverse landscapes.

This paper studies a class of degenerate parabolic partial differential equation models that describe the dynamics of single-species populations with cognitive functions in toxic environments. The core innovation lies in introducing cognitive functions to simulate the ability of species to perceive toxins and adaptively adjust their behaviours, which in turn affects population density. This mechanism is characterized by a nonlinear degenerate Pratial Differential Equation. The degradation of the model is mainly manifested in the diffusion coefficient and response term approaching zero when the population density is zero or the cognitive state reaches the boundary. For this model, we have achieved the following theoretical breakthroughs: First, by using regularization techniques, we constructed a non-degenerate approximate system. Combining prior energy estimates with the fixed point theorem, we proved the existence of local classical solutions for this regularized system; subsequently, we constructed an appropriate Lyapunov function. Based on strict energy dissipation analysis and uniform prior estimates, we proved that under conditions such as bounded toxins and regular initial values, the classical solutions of the regularized system exist globally and remain bounded on the interval $[0, \infty )$ ultimately, based on this, through compactness theory and limit processes, the existence of the global weak solution for the original degenerate system is further derived. Numerical simulations verify the rationality of the theoretical results and visually demonstrate the dynamic regulatory effect of cognitive function on population tolerance.

Election pledges are fundamental for representative democracy, linking parties’ campaigns before elections with their behavior afterwards. Yet little is known about voters’ awareness of these pledges before elections and how this affects post-election awareness of pledge fulfillment. Triangulating between a rich set of panel and pooled cross-sectional survey data surrounding the 2019 Danish national election (N = 10,322), we show that voters who were able to recognize and recall pledges before elections were more likely to be aware of their fulfillment status after the election. Furthermore, pre-election awareness mostly benefited people with less political interest, enabling these relatively disinterested voters to nevertheless hold parties accountable. These findings have important implications for our understanding of voters’ ability to make informed choices when they delegate power to parties at elections and hold them accountable afterwards.

Archaeology is in the midst of a technological revolution, particularly for data collection, first championed by light detection and ranging (lidar) in the early 2000s and now with widespread applications of unmanned aerial systems (UAS)-deployed remote sensing. While the importance of remote sensing for data collection and heritage conservation is known, less work has acknowledged the implications of remote sensing for field safety, particularly for disabled researchers. UAS offer a unique opportunity to explore circumstances that may affect mobility in the field and how advances in archaeological science can transform fieldwork by improving accessibility for disabled archaeologists. I argue that UAS can—and should—be improved to promote accessibility in archaeological fieldwork, due to their promotion of field safety, increased planning of daily tasks, and broader applications to community-engaged research. These interventions should be applied to the larger field of archaeology to improve labor management for researchers in all sectors of practice.

Reconstructions of Moche ritual sacrifice have relied heavily on iconographic depictions of elaborate rituals conducted on mountains and sacrifices at adobe temples. Scholars have categorized mountain scenes, proposed that Huaca de la Luna symbolized sacred mountains, and argued that one of the main mountain scenes entails the liberation of a figure known as Dios A. However, the large corpus of mountain iconography remains underanalyzed, and few existing publications incorporate data from mountainside sites. In this article, I propose a more specific Mountainside Sacrifice and Cave Opening mythic narrative encoded in these scenes, comparable to the Presentation Theme / Sacrifice Ceremony. I argue that future surveys and excavations must include thorough investigations of north coast mountains of Peru.