Georg Lukács’s History and Class Consciousness (1923) has often been criticised for its idealism. I discuss Lukács’s critique of reification in light of these charges, identifying two different idealist vocabularies of (neo-)Kantian and Hegelian origin, respectively. I show that the function of the former is critical: refracting Marx’s analysis of social form through a Kantian form/content distinction allows Lukács to critique capitalism as the domination of form over content. Lukács’s Hegelian leanings are more problematic, however, as they constrain his own insights into the conditioned and contingent character of political practice and history.

In cultural heritage projects and artistic documentation, motion capture has emerged as a key archival strategy that is promised to be a “next stage” solution in preserving and accessing the past. However, motion capture is not an objective recording; it transposes a technological bodily imaginary onto the bodies whose movements it documents. This essay is situated at the intersection of current critical discourses on archives, dance and AI, bringing domain-specific knowledge to reimagine biased algorithmic systems. Although there is substantial risk for representational harms in how current AI motion models are used to render dancing bodies as data, recent projects show that retaining the entanglement of expert practitioners can refine data processing. We argue that incorporating the specificity of dance-based knowledge can support more meaningful historical research practices, in particular when understanding how bodies are themselves also archives. This contributes to identifying and countering the harms that arise from the mismatch between what automated motion extraction systems purport to accomplish and what they actually represent. The article outlines questions and guidelines that reimagine motion data through a visceral approach for an era of AI.

Online synchronous chat, or ‘Live Chat’, is distinguished by its real-time, anonymous, and text-based nature. There is limited understanding of the characteristics of those who choose Live Chat services compared to Blended Services. This study examined the demographic, psychosocial, and service engagement profiles of young people using the Irish Live Chat service, Jigsaw Live Chat, compared with those attending Jigsaw’s Blended (in-person and/or video) support Service. Routine service-based data were analysed from 1,313 Live Chat and 3,604 Blended Service users. Reasons for attendance among Live Chat users seeking mental health support were analysed using content analysis. Live Chat users were more likely to be gender-diverse, older, and to report higher psychological distress than Blended Service users. Anxiety and low mood were common presenting issues. Attendance reasons varied, with over one-third citing multiple issues and many experiencing persistent distress. A minority attended for information or while waiting for other support. Overall, users reported high satisfaction. Live Chat users waited an average of 2.5 minutes, compared with typical waits of 1–2 months for the Blended Service. These findings highlight Live Chat as a distinct and essential access point for highly distressed and underserved youth, particularly those with minority gender and sexual identities.

In this paper, a dual concentric square-loop dual-polarized reconfigurable frequency selective surface with a high tuning ratio of 2.02 operating in the 1.53–3.10 GHz band is proposed. This high tuning ratio has been achieved by using four SMV1430-LF varactor diodes, which have been actuated using a simple biasing arrangement made of stubs and four metallic vias per unit-cell. The unit-cell has been rigorously analyzed, and an equivalent circuit (EC) model has been developed for the physical insight. The proposed EC model also demonstrates the reconfigurability of the unit-cell and thus predicts its behavior. The effect of the angular incidence of the impinging electromagnetic wave on the structure up to a 45º has been experimentally verified, which demonstrates its angular stability and polarization insensitive behavior. The structure may find applications in the electromagnetic spectrum’s L, S, and 2.45 GHz ISM bands.

The consensus view in the growth literature is that R&D scale effects are absent in mature industrialized economies but may be present in emerging economies undergoing transition. Scale effects imply a proportional relationship between a stationary $I(0)$ regressand (growth rates of real per capita GDP and/or TFP) and a non-stationary $I(1)$ regressor (the scale of R&D), which gives rise to the problem of unbalanced regression and spurious parameter estimates. This issue has not been adequately addressed in the existing literature. Furthermore, emerging economies have received relatively little attention in this context. We address these issues by (i) accurately measuring R&D scale and (ii) adopting an appropriate econometric specification and estimator. We find significant scale effects in a panel of emerging countries, but not in developed countries. We propose an endogenous growth model that captures these properties—presence of scale effects during growth transitions, but not at the long-run equilibrium—thereby reconciling our results. Our model predicts that the long-run growth rates of per capita real GDP and TFP are driven by the growth rates of technological innovation and aggregate employment—although, in the case of emerging economies, only technological innovation significantly contributes to TFP growth.

Over centuries and across continents, authoritarian governments have demonstrated a large appetite for international cooperation to target political opponents across borders. In 1851, the “first modern police organization”—the Police Union of German States, whose members included Austria and Prussia—was established “with the express purpose of policing the political opposition of established autocratic regimes.”1 During the 1970s and early 1980s, military regimes in South America participated in a secret scheme known as Operation Condor to coordinate their efforts to suppress subversion.2 A recent analysis of twenty-nine “hard authoritarian” regional organizations found that twenty-five were engaged in police cooperation.3 The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an example. Its member states have agreed to jointly fight the “three evils” of terrorism, separatism, and extremism.4 Following a 2009 demonstration that led to riots in Urumqi, Xinjiang, some organizers fled abroad; at China’s behest, SCO members Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan detained and then extradited them back to China.5

This study investigates how stress and metathesis interact in Sevillian Spanish, focusing on how their interaction sheds light on representation. Metathesis affects /s/–voiceless stop sequences, moving a debuccalised coda /s/ to the release of the following stop ( → [patha]). This process plausibly changes syllable structure: the syllable where /s/ originated is closed at one representational level, but open on the surface ([pah.ta] → [pa.tha]). The change in syllable structure could affect weight-sensitive stress, depending on the level speakers refer to in assigning stress. In a stress judgement task, Sevillian listeners treated syllables from which an /s/ had metathesised out similarly to heavy penults and differently from light penults. I outline a range of analyses to account for their behaviour, and suggest that a comprehensive analysis could include gestural representations and separate stress from metathesis, so that phonetic variability in the realisation of metathesis is permitted but does not affect stress.

The hydrogen isotope composition of the mantle provides insight into the advection, melting and metasomatism of the mantle, and the Earth’s water cycle. Because of sampling challenges, most estimates for the hydrogen composition of the mantle have been derived from basaltic glasses rather than from direct samples of the mantle. We present the first direct measurement of D/H ratios in nominally anhydrous orthopyroxene and olivine inclusions hosted within diamonds. The diamond hosts were recovered from placer deposits in Guyana, South America. The diamond-hosted inclusions preserve a population with δD of –31 ± 59‰ (normalised to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). This value is D-enriched relative to that expected for a homogeneous upper mantle and is similar to values measured for arc basalts. We introduce three explanations for the observed D-enrichment in the anhydrous silicate inclusions. The hydrogen isotopic composition of the mantle might simply be heterogeneous in space and/or time. The measured D-enrichment could instead preserve local heterogeneity produced by fluids genetically related to the crystallisation of the diamond hosts. Local and mantle-wide processes might also have operated in concert, and overprint each other. Diamond-hosted silicate inclusions preserve an underexplored record of Earth’s water cycle.

Researchers frequently deliver treatments through messages, as in many audit and get-out-the-vote (GOTV) experiments. These message-based experiments often hinge on intermediary variables—actions subjects must take to actually receive the treatment or control embedded in a message. Whether subjects open the message is a crucial intermediary step, which can serve as a condition for estimating downstream treatment effects or as an outcome of interest in its own right. Yet opens are often measured with error, most notably when some openers are misclassified as non-openers in email-based studies. We characterize the resulting bias, derive interpretable bounds on effects for well-defined subgroups, and provide sensitivity analyses for mismeasurement, thereby offering practical guidance for message-based experiments conducted through email and other communication technologies.