The Born approximation of a potential in the context of the Calderón inverse problem is an object that can be formally defined in terms of spectral data of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of the corresponding Schrödinger operator. In this article, we prove, in the case of radial potentials in the Euclidean ball and any fixed energy, that the Born approximation is well-defined as a compactly supported radial distribution, and that the Calderón problem can be reformulated as recovering a potential from its Born approximation. In addition, we show that the Born approximation depends locally on the potential and captures exactly its singularities, and that the functional that maps the Born approximation to the potential is Hölder continuous. We also prove that the Born approximation converges to the potential in the high-energy limit. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for the Fourier transform of the Born approximation at any fixed energy, and illustrate how it can be used as the basis of an accurate procedure to approximate a potential from its Dirichlet-to-Neumann map.

In this article, we explore how to engage with the work of ethicists facing public allegations of professional sexual misconduct. Rather than disengaging or proceeding as usual, we propose citing their work alongside impartial information about credible allegations. We choose to isolate the work of ethicists as the target of this proposal because ethicists are distinct on two fronts: they are distinct among philosophers because they have moral authority, and distinct among others with moral authority, such as religious leaders and civil rights activists, because their power is reproduced in part through citations. Our approach offers a nuanced perspective on the power conferred through citations. We argue that individual scholars have a moral and intellectual responsibility to cite using this practice, especially when institutional enforcement of justice is lacking.

This article describes a trainee-led women’s health project aimed at connecting psychiatry and gynaecology to better meet the needs of perimenopausal and menopausal women. Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is a NICE-recommended treatment for menopause-related vasovagal symptoms. A menopause-focused CBT (mCBT) group intervention for women unable to take hormone replacement therapy was developed and piloted in collaboration with local menopause specialists. This article documents some of the challenges experienced and insights gained along the way by the trainees who developed it.

For associative rings with anti-involution several homology theories exist, for instance reflexive homology as studied by Graves and involutive Hochschild homology defined by Fernàndez-València and Giansiracusa. We prove that the corresponding homology groups can be identified with the homotopy groups of an equivariant Loday construction of the one-point compactification of the sign-representation evaluated at the trivial orbit, if we assume that 2 is invertible and if the underlying abelian group of the ring is flat. We also show a relative version where we consider an associative k-algebra with an anti-involution where k is an arbitrary commutative ground ring.

Both in Italy and abroad, the construction of memorial shrines to honour those who fell for the Fascist cause stemmed from Benito Mussolini’s desire to create symbolic spaces to celebrate Italian greatness. Moreover, their construction reinforced a specific vision of the nation – one rooted in the ideal of sacrifice, unquestioning loyalty to Mussolini’s commands, and the exaltation of violence as a legitimate tool of political struggle. This article analyses the tower-ossuary of the Italians in Zaragoza, a monument commemorating the legionaries of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, who died fighting alongside Francisco Franco’s Nationalist forces against Republican troops during the Spanish Civil War. Despite its limited recognition, this monument – the largest Italian shrine abroad after that in El Alamein – constitutes an object of significant scholarly interest, since it preserves the memory of Fascist Italy’s intervention on behalf of the Caudillo according to a particular narrative, which Mussolini’s regime sought to immortalise for posterity in stone and concrete. Meanwhile, the attempt to re-signify this shrine after the fall of the Fascist dictatorship makes it a compelling case study for reflecting on the processes through which a society can rethink its history and engage with the legacy of its authoritarian past.

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated computational efficiency and autonomy in solving unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) obstacle avoidance problems. However, practical applications still remain challenges, such as three-dimensional manoeuvres, dynamic obstacles and kinematic constraints. This paper proposes a real-time obstacle avoidance method based on RL and a kinematic model, where the RL framework outputs 3D-axis velocity to enable continuous UAV manoeuver control. To perceive large-scale, highly dynamic obstacles, we establish a 3D safety separation model and construct a modular observation matrix to enhance perception capability. The Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm is adopted to enhance stochastic exploration in high-dimensional state space while incorporating flight uncertainty. Under simulation, the proposed method effectively avoids dynamic obstacles. The optimised state space boosts learning speed and performance. This provides an effective solution for UAV autonomous obstacle avoidance in complex environments.

This article maps how cultural heritage has been securitized in international discourse by analyzing seven key United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and UN Security Council (UNSC) documents (2003–2017). Drawing on the Copenhagen School’s framework and its distinction between identification and mobilization, the study reveals a two-stage process. Initially, heritage destruction was framed as a human rights violation, later escalating into a global security threat linked to terrorism and conflict financing. Through a sectoral and scalar typology of referent objects, the analysis highlights divergent framings by UNESCO (societal, normative) and the UNSC (military, strategic). Despite strong discursive alignment—culminating in UNSC Resolution 2347—the mobilization of extraordinary measures remained limited. The article concludes that heritage securitization is discursively robust but operationally incomplete, shaped by institutional capacities, leadership shifts, and evolving geopolitical contexts. These findings contribute to the broader literature on security politics, norm diffusion, and the symbolic power of heritage in global governance.

Children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have an increased risk of iron deficiency, anemia, and death from infectious diseases. The iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is increased in inflammation and may be important in regulating iron metabolism in children with MAM. Asymptomatic malaria has previously been associated with elevated s-hepcidin. We assessed the association between inflammation, iron status, anthropometry, and malaria and serum hepcidin (s-hepcidin) and evaluated the effect of food supplementation on s-hepcidin in a secondary analysis in 1019 children with MAM from a randomized intervention trial in Burkina Faso. Children received 12 weeks supplementation of 500 kcal/day as either corn-soy blend (CSB) or lipid-based nutritional supplements (LNS). S-hepcidin was measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. At baseline, correlates of s-hepcidin were determined using tobit regression. The effect of supplementation was determined using mixed effects tobit regression. Children with iron deficiency had 82% (95%CI 76; 87) lower s-hepcidin than those without, whereas children with acute infection and inflammation had elevated s-hepcidin. Children with symptomatic malaria had 103% (95%CI 32; 210) higher s-hepcidin than afebrile children without detectable malaria while children with recent or asymptomatic malaria had 51% (95%CI 35; 63) lower s-hepcidin. S-hepcidin increased 61% (95%CI 38; 87) after 12 weeks food supplementation with 22% higher (95% CI 2; 45) concentration in those who received LNS compared with CSB. Expectedly, morbidity and inflammation were associated with higher, and iron deficiency with lower, s-hepcidin. Further studies are needed to corroborate the finding of decreased s-hepcidin in malnourished children with asymptomatic malaria.

Traditional studies examining caffeine intake and age-related eye diseases (AREDs) have shown inconsistent results, potentially related to variations in caffeine assessment methods. This two-sample Mendelian randomization study investigated associations between plasma caffeine and four AREDs: senile cataract, diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Summary data on genetically predicted plasma caffeine came from a genome-wide association study of 9,876 European-ancestry participants across six population-based studies. ARED data were extracted from FinnGen Consortium clinical records. We further examined causal effects on glaucoma subtypes: primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and assessed intraocular pressure (IOP) as a potential mediator. Higher genetically predicted plasma caffeine levels were associated with reduced risk of senile cataract (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.90, P < 0.001), DR (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.88, P < 0.001), glaucoma (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.95, P = 0.008), and PACG (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99, P = 0.046). No associations were observed with AMD or POAG. Mediation analysis suggested that 41% (95% CI -0.14 to -0.01) of caffeine’s effect on glaucoma was mediated by IOP. Our findings indicate that elevated plasma caffeine may protect against senile cataract, DR, and glaucoma, but not AMD. Effects differed by glaucoma subtype, with IOP partially explaining the overall association. This study provides genetic evidence supporting caffeine’s role in mitigating ARED risk, highlighting its potential therapeutic implications.

Scholarship on regulatory capture—when businesses lobby regulators to act contrary to the public interest—has thrived since the 1970s. Yet it ignores an important dimension of influence, what we call ideological capture. This occurs when experts design regulatory frameworks that marginalize important public values and produce favorable outcomes for special interests even in the absence of lobbying. We present a theoretical and empirical framework for understanding ideological capture, rooted in expert–public cleavages, and measure its presence in an important policy domain (antitrust review of business mergers) with an original survey of the public and of antitrust lawyers. Our results suggest that the main framework for evaluating anticompetitive conduct, the consumer welfare standard, marginalizes important public concerns but is deeply popular among antitrust lawyers. With prior work showing the standard arose not from conventional processes but from judicial and bureaucratic activism, we conclude that antitrust policy evidences ideological capture.

Diagnosis of cases of Mycoplasma mastitis is particularly challenging due to their unique biological characteristics, which complicate diagnosis and treatment. Hence, accurate and quick diagnostic tests for early detection of Mycoplasma mastitis are essential to initiate appropriate interventions or culling. The objective of this research is to estimate the diagnostic performance of the molecular microarray assay (MMA) against bacterial culture for the diagnosis of bovine intramammary infections (IMI) with Mycoplasma spp., using a gold standard approach and the Kappa agreement coefficient. A total of 395 quarter milk samples were collected from cows in 31 dairy herds with conventional milking systems in California, USA. Following dairy personnel practices, milk samples were collected from the lactating cows showing abnormal milk characteristics and shipped within 24 hours to the laboratory for bacterial culture and MMA examination. Milk samples with positive growth were confirmed via PCR test to eliminate misdiagnosis of Acholeplasma spp. Eighty-seven cows (22%) were positive for Mycoplasma spp. IMI and the test accuracy was 88.4%. The sensitivity of MMA was 90.8% (95% CI (Confidence Interval): 82.68–95.95), and the specificity was 87.66% (95% CI: 83.46–91.12). The positive predictive value of MMA in these herds was 67.52% (95% CI: 60.51–73.83), and the negative predictive value was 97.12% (95% CI: 94.57–98.49). Calculated Kappa coefficient was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.618–0.778). The high estimates of sensitivity and specificity of MMA suggest its usefulness as a routine and quick test for accurate diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. IMI in dairy cows. Our findings indicate that MMA holds promise for enhancing the detection of Mycoplasma spp. and could potentially revolutionize diagnostic practices in the dairy industry and supports udder health management.

In 1864, Umar Taal, one of the most consequential figures of nineteenth-century West Africa, perished in Maasina (Mali), a region he had conquered two years prior. Historians have studied the political and intellectual underpinnings of Taal’s last conquest, but not its ramifications inside families. Exploring colonial-era migrations and marriages in my own family in Mali, I suggest intimate history as mode of historical inquiry and writing to elucidate the afterlives of war. I provide a translocal and gendered microhistory of the aftermath of Taal’s jihad, showing how the ripples of past Islamic revolutions shaped the intimacies of twentieth-century family life.

Francesco Costabile’s Una femmina (2022) challenges traditional notions of masculinity and femininity embedded in the ’Ndrangheta and patriarchy at large. This analysis examines the construction of some of the key characters in Una femmina while reflecting on motherhood and female agency – two central topics in sociological research on gender and organised crime. The essay considers the power dynamics underlying these themes and explores the film’s aesthetic choices, which express a gynocentric perspective through a psychological exploration of its central female characters.