Almost 12% of the human population have insufficient access to food and hence are at risk from nutrient deficiencies and related conditions, such as anaemia and stunting. Ruminant meat and milk are rich in protein and micronutrients, making them a highly nutritious food source for human consumption. Conversely, ruminant production contributes to methane (CH4) emissions, a greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential (GWP) 27-30 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Nonetheless, ruminant production plays a crucial role in the circular bioeconomy in terms of upcycling agricultural products that cannot be consumed by humans, into valuable and nutritional food, whilst delivering important ecosystem services. Taking on board the complexities of ruminant production and the need to improve both human and planetary health, there is increasing emphasis on developing innovative solutions to achieve sustainable ruminant production within the ‘One Health’ framework. Specifically, research and innovation will undoubtedly continue to focus on 1) Genetics and Breeding; 2) Animal nutrition and 3) Animal Health, to achieve food security and human health, whilst limiting environmental impact. Implementation of resultant innovations within the agri-food sector will require several enablers, including large-scale investment, multi-actor partnerships, scaling, regulatory approval and importantly social acceptability. This review outlines the grand challenges of achieving sustainable ruminant production and likely research and innovation landscape over the next 15 years and beyond, specifically outlining the pathways and enablers required to achieve sustainable ruminant production within the One Health framework.

Radiocarbon (14C) activity in aquatic environments is usually different from that of the atmosphere, the result being that organisms that grow in these different environments will have different 14C ages, even though they are contemporary. This age offset in marine samples is known as the “marine reservoir effect.” The marine calibration curve takes this effect into account as a global approximation, but local variations due to ocean dynamics and other factors must be individually studied and corrected for. With a littoral of more than 11,000 km and a great interest in dating malacological marine samples, Mexico has scarce local reservoir effect studies. Most of the available data come from studies done in the 1960s and 1990s. In this study, we present new reservoir effect corrections for four sites in the Pacific Ocean with positive ΔR values as expected, and one from the Caribbean Sea with a negative average value of ΔR. The results were obtained by dating known-age shells from the malacological collection of the Natural History Museum Felipe Poey, in Havana, Cuba. This new data will be useful to do more precise reservoir effect corrections to malacological samples of the region, with special interest in contexts where it is difficult to date other kinds of organic samples, due to difficulties in their preservation.

Biomarkers alone cannot resolve psychiatry’s diagnostic challenges, particularly the boundary between normal variation and pathology. Diagnosis should prioritise the subjective, phenomenological experiences of patients rather than solely relying on biological evidence, emphasising a framework centred on suffering, debilitation and societal impact.

We describe caudal analgesia agent, dose, reported adverse events, and outcomes in a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of 200 patients undergoing cardiac surgery from October 2020 to April 2023. Median (interquartile range) doses of clonidine and morphine were 2.7 (2.1–3) mCg/kg and 0.12 (0.1–1.12) mg/kg, respectively. Our findings suggest that a clonidine/morphine caudal was tolerated in cardiac surgical patients.

Original accounts of feminist standpoint theory emphasize its fundamentally critical stance toward situated knowledge (Smith 1974; Hartsock 1983; Collins 1986). The function of a critical standpoint is not to carelessly accept the beliefs of marginalized people, but instead to interpret those beliefs in light of thoroughgoing and pervasive ideological distortions. Some formulations of standpoint theory capture this critical function in the achievement thesis. It claims that a standpoint is not obtained automatically but must be achieved through a struggle against a dominant ideology. Contrary to the standard acceptance of the achievement thesis, Bright has recently argued that the requirement of achievement can warrant the dogmatic exclusion of some perspectives from becoming standpoints. In turn, he advances an account of standpoint theory which abandons the achievement thesis. Against Bright’s non-achievement account of standpoint theory, I argue that doing away with the achievement thesis abandons standpoint theory’s original aim of being critical of the social structures which construct and legitimize situated knowledge. Further, I argue that Bright’s concern with the possible dogmatism of the achievement thesis is better addressed by a commitment to the classic account of standpoint theory rather than a revision of it.

International law has been predominantly shaped by the West. Despite decolonization, insufficient attention has been paid to non-Western civilizations’ practices, including Asian civilizations. This article examines this insufficiency in relation to treaty interpretation and customary international law identification. To do so, it uses the notion of conscientious objection to military service as a case study. Despite particularly adverse state practice, chiefly in Asia, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) treaty body and UN organs began affirming in the 1990s that the Covenant includes a right to conscientious objection to military service. The first part analyzes whether such a right can be implied from the ICCPR, inter alia, by assessing the practice of Asian states. The second part endeavours to explain the gap between the international human rights machinery’s pronouncements and non-Western practice by discussing the Western-centrism and individual-centrism of interpretations adopted by human rights bodies and organs.

This study evaluated the effects of combining Bacillus species with hydrolysed and inactive Torula yeast on rumen fermentation of tropical forages in vitro. Exp. 1 assessed different combinations of direct-fed microbials (DFM) and hydrolysed/inactive yeast on the ruminal fermentation of Urochloa brizantha hay in a randomised block design (3×3 factorial scheme). Treatments included: 1) Negative control, no DFM inclusion (NC); 2) B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (SL); 3) B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. coagulans (SLAC); 4) Hydrolysed Torula yeast (HY); 5) dry inactive Torula yeast (IY); 6) B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and dry inactive Torula yeast (SL+IY); 7) B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and hydrolysed Torula yeast (SL+HY); 8) B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans and dry inactive Torula yeast (SLAC+IY) and 9) B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans and hydrolysed Torula yeast (SLAC+HY). Bacillus and yeast interaction affected the total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and SCFA profile. In treatments without Bacillus, IY resulted in higher isovalerate compared to treatments without yeast (NC). The no yeast treatment also had lower isovalerate concentration than other treatments (HY, IY). Exp. 2 and Exp. 3 evaluated NC, SL, SLAC, SL+HY and SLAC+IY plus SLAC+HY in low- and medium-quality forage. For low-quality forage, SLAC+IY + SLAC+HY had the highest NH3-N concentration, while SL+HY yielded the highest total SCFA. In medium-quality forage, SL+HY showed the highest total SCFA. The combination of Bacillus species and HY may enhance total SCFA and NH3-N in the rumen, improving nutrient utilisation in grazing beef cattle.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a notorious pest that has been recorded attacking over 353 crop species worldwide. Excessive insecticide exposure can lead to resistance and has adverse impacts on the environment and beneficial organisms. Long-lasting pest control methods like entomopathogenic fungi may be used to prevent the negative impact of synthetic insecticides. In the current research, effectiveness of Cordyceps fumosorosea was analysed by applying a sub-lethal dose (LC15 = 2.09 × 106 spores mL−1) and a lethal dose (LC50 = 2.17 × 107 spores mL−1) on filial (F0) and first filial (F1) generations of S. frugiperda to estimate both lethal and sub-lethal effects. The LC15 was used to keep a significant proportion of larvae alive to permit determination of sublethal effects on S. frugiperda. After treatment with the LC15 and LC50, S. frugiperda progeny displayed shorter larval duration, lower fecundity, and shorter adult female and male longevities relative to untreated controls. Likewise, the adult pre-oviposition period, total pre-oviposition period, oviposition days (Od), net reproductive rates (Ro), and mean generation times (T) were reduced in fungal-infected groups. Furthermore, activities of key detoxifying enzymes, i.e. acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and esterases (EST), were also evaluated. Substantial differences of AChE, GST, and EST (24.3, 18.34, and 10.09 µmol/min/mg protein), respectively, were observed at the LC50 in contrast to the LC15 and controls. The current study showed pathogenicity of C. fumosorosea, which negatively affected insect development and changed the activities of detoxifying enzymes, thereby increasing the effectiveness and eco-friendly management of S. frugiperda.

Traditional legal scholarship has long focused on the exercise of discretion in all its forms; however, by borrowing from the analytical toolkit of science and technology studies (STS), we begin to take an ‘ontological turn’ into the courtroom by documenting a new tool of judicial discretion invoked by criminal justice adjudicators: what we call ontological discretion. By examining three objects from our own research – sleep, death, and intoxication—we show how their lack of a universal, singular ontology may necessitate that adjudicators use their discretion to either choose a coherent ontology in a given case, or else avoid opining on ‘what things are’ altogether. We therefore start to move beyond those important but now rather mainstream sociolegal inquiries into legal knowledges, instead shifting our focus toward what legal actors say the objects of their various knowledges actually are, as well as the widespread legal effects of the court’s ontological games.

The dynamics surrounding the legislative process of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, KUHAP) from 1979 to 1981 were shaped by a clash between two opposing ideologies. On one side stood proponents of a rights-based approach, advocating for legal protections for the accused; on the other, supporters of an authoritarian approach emphasised the primacy of state authority in maintaining security and public order. In the end, Indonesian lawmakers were able to strike a balance by establishing several procedural safeguards that purported to protect the rights of the accused. This article offers a detailed account and analysis of this debate, illuminating how resistance and compromise emerged from the struggle. Drawing on these historical insights, the article explores the potential for reform in the contemporary Indonesian legal and political landscape, highlighting current challenges. The main dataset for this article was collected from official records of the meetings that took place during the legislative process of the KUHAP, as well as public opinion at the time. Although this debate took place more than four decades ago, revisiting the historical context of the KUHAP remains crucial to understanding its ongoing relevance and potential future for reform.