This study explores the evolving discourse of Mongolian nationalism in online spaces, with specific attention to representations of Mongols beyond Mongolia’s borders. While the historically dominant, exclusive Khalkha-centric nationalist discourses continue to occupy a strong presence in cyberspace, Mongolian nationalist discourse has witnessed a shift toward a more inclusive, yet largely depoliticized, cultural Greater Mongol narrative. This narrative reimagines cross-border Mongols as members of a shared ethnic community. The research explores how the Mongolian state and Mongolian nationalist elites curate this cultural Greater Mongol discourse to position the Mongolian state as the historical and cultural center of the Mongol world. It contributes to a better understanding of the complex and dialectical transformations of nationalist discourses in contemporary Mongolian nation-building.

How does one’s community shape their racialized and political identity? Research studying group-based resources and political behavior focuses primarily on the overall size of a group. This study refines our understanding of how community context shapes Asian pan-ethnic identity by examining a second dimension of population: Asian national origin diversity. Using both existing and new survey data, I find that Asians living in more heterogeneous areas view Asian identity as less important and report lower levels of linked fate. I then examine variation in the role of physical and social resources across localities that differ in group size and diversity. Respondents in localities with larger Asian populations and lower levels of diversity are more likely to report higher levels of pan-Asian salience and availability of cultural resources. My analysis highlights the role of within-group diversity and the importance of community resources and institutions in cultivating connections between identity and politics.

Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) increases risk of poor mental health outcomes, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In fact, ELA, especially in the form of “household ACEs” (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, incarceration of a caregiver), is among the most robust environmental predictors of a later ADHD diagnosis. Exposure to unpredictability is an understudied form of ELA that captures instability or inconsistency in routines, household experiences, and family relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between unpredictability and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents. Participants were drawn from two independent cohorts (Cohort 1: N = 99, Mage = 7.31 years [SD = 0.31]; Cohort 2: N = 217, Mage = 14.39 years [SD = 1.32]) participating in ongoing longitudinal studies of exposure to ELA. Unpredictability was measured by the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood, and ADHD symptoms were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems subscale, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and the Kiddie Schedules for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia ADHD Screener. Childhood experiences of unpredictability were associated with ADHD symptoms in both cohorts and during childhood and adolescence. Further, associations were stronger in females than males. These findings show that unpredictability is a risk factor for ADHD which suggests that it should be explored as an early target for intervention to reduce the development of ADHD symptoms.

Roald Amundsen’s South Pole party is routinely depicted as an unusually harmonious and high-performing team. This article re-examines that assumption by returning to the only contemporary sources that intermittently record interpersonal strain during the Pole march: the diaries of Sverre Hassel and Olav Bjaaland. Using a deliberately narrow empirical base and a transparent inclusion procedure, the study restricts all claims about friction to what the diarists explicitly note. A minimal coding vocabulary—task, process/authority, and relationship/tone—serves as an organising device rather than an explanatory framework. Seventeen diary passages document irritation, disagreement, reprimand, sarcasm, or social sanction linked to identifiable expedition members. Read conservatively, the diaries neither support a counter-myth of dysfunction nor permit inferences about the prevalence or long-term significance of conflict. They do, however, make one conclusion difficult to avoid: the Pole march cannot responsibly be described as frictionless simply because it succeeded logistically or was later narrated smoothly. Instead, the diary evidence shows that operational excellence coexisted with domain-specific frictions—over judgement, rations, navigation, role allocation, and tent-life tone—and that authority and contradiction repeatedly appear as interactional fault lines. Cohesion, where it existed, was not the absence of strain but a condition under which strain could still be written down.

Given a (di)graph $H$, we say that a (di)graph $H^{\prime }$ is an $H$-subdivision if $H^{\prime }$ is obtained from $H$ by replacing one or more edges with internally vertex-disjoint paths. Pavez-Signé conjectured that for every $\varepsilon \gt 0$, there exists a constant $C_0\gt 0$ such that for every graph $H$ with $h$ edges and no isolated vertices, if $G$ is a graph on $n\geq C_0h$ vertices and minimum degree $\delta (G)\geq (1+\varepsilon )\frac {n}{2}$, then $G$ contains a spanning $H$-subdivision. This conjecture was later resolved by Lee [European J. Combin. 124 (2025), 104059]. In this paper, we strengthen Lee’s result. Specifically, we prove that for any digraph $D$ on $n\geq C_0h$ vertices, if the minimum semi-degree of $D$ is at least $\frac {n+h}{2}-1$, then $D$ contains a spanning $H$-subdivision. The lower bound on the minimum semi-degree is best possible. Furthermore, we show that there exist constants $C\gt 0$ and $\alpha , \beta \in (0, 1)$ such that for any integer partition $n=n_1+\cdots +n_m\geq Cm$ with $n_i\geq |V(H)|+3h$ for each $i$, and $\sum _{n_i\lt \alpha n}n_i\leq \beta n$, if a digraph of order $n\geq Cm$ has minimum semi-degree at least $\frac {n+m+h}{2}-1$, then it contains $m$ vertex-disjoint $H$-subdivisions whose orders are $n_1, \ldots , n_m$, respectively. The bound $\frac {n+m+h}{2}-1$ is also optimal. This work partly answers a conjecture of Lee [Combin. Probab. Comput. 34 (2025), 421–444] and generalises a recent result from the same paper.

Although humanity, by comparison with the other animals, possesses a distinctive capacity for relationship with God, Christian soteriology is infiltrated by anthropocentrism, rooted in biblical literalism and an imperviousness to the theological implications of evolution, that implies unwarranted limits to the saving work of Christ and the exclusion of the vast majority of sentient creatures from salvation. Given the church’s recognition that humanity gradually evolved from nonhuman forms of animal life and Catholicism’s pan-en-theistic, sacramental vision of creation, this article argues that the death and resurrection of Jesus may be salvific for nonhuman animals who have endured the reality of a fallen world and who, depending on the capacity for loving relationships with which God has endowed their species, could participate in the state of heaven and even theosis. The article envisages a diversity of forms of participation in theosis, corresponding to the diversity that characterizes creation.

This study presents a multiproxy reconstruction of terrestrial hydroclimate variability, natural fire occurrence, and vegetation dynamics from the Gonggeomji paleolake in central South Korea, covering the last deglaciation (ca. 17–10 ka). Pollen-based quantitative estimates of mean annual temperature and precipitation, combined with palynomorph assemblages, sedimentary charcoal, and lithological data, reveal strong linkages between climate forcing, ecological change, and fire regimes. During Heinrich Stadial 1, cold and dry conditions—driven by weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and an intensified East Asian winter monsoon—fostered the dominance of boreal conifer forests, reduced vegetation cover, and increased fire frequency and soil erosion. The Bølling-Allerød interstadial was marked by rapid warming, higher humidity, and expansion of warm-temperate deciduous forests. This trend was briefly reversed during the Younger Dryas, which brought cooler conditions and renewed fire activity, although moisture levels remained moderate. Postfire ecological recovery followed a classical successional sequence, with bryophytes and herbs preceding arboreal taxa. These patterns indicate strong ecological resilience under favorable hydroclimatic conditions. The Gonggeomji record highlights the role of both high-latitude and tropical forcings in modulating East Asian monsoon dynamics on multi-centennial timescales. This study provides important insight into vegetation–climate–fire interactions and contributes a valuable inland Korean perspective to global last deglaciation climate reconstructions.

This article offers an in-depth analysis of the creative activity of the Grupo de Experimentación Musical (GEM) within the Argentine musical scene of the late 1960s. Led by Gerardo Gandini, GEM emerged as a collective of composers who explored the timbral potential of both traditional instruments and everyday objects. The study examines the group’s methodology of guided and free improvisation, paying particular attention to its productive reception of foreign improvisation ensembles. Drawing on cultural history, reception theory, and interviews, the article shows how GEM’s young composers reinterpreted avant-garde techniques from European and North American traditions. It also considers the individual contributions of the members and their reception of figures such as Larry Austin, Earle Brown, John Cage, Luis de Pablo, Edgard Varèse, and Iannis Xenakis. The article concludes that GEM’s strategies were rooted in avant-garde compositional procedures and in dialogue with contemporary improvisational practices abroad.

Hume argued that all inductive reasoning presupposes the uniformity of nature. He further argued that there was no successful non-circular argument for this uniformity presumption, hence, inductive reasoning was rationally unjustified. Here I apply the widely discussed Copernican principle and Gott’s delta-t method to argue that the observed uniformity of nature will almost certainly continue into the near future, and will quite probably continue into the distant future. Copernican reasoning uses only the observed duration of a phenomenon to predict its future duration, so this reasoning is non-circular. It also does not involve positing nomic necessary connections, as do many other attempts to answer Hume’s challenge. Copernican reasoning is controversial, as are many of its applications, but the application to Hume’s problem is one that even most critics of the Copernican principle should accept. If Copernican reasoning is ever applicable, it is applicable here. This opens up the possibility of using Copernicus to answer Hume.

Studies assessing potential differences in trace element status among vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians (LOV), and omnivores (OMN) are largely lacking. In this cross-sectional study, urinary levels of 12 elements were analysed in 38 vegans, 37 LOV, and 40 OMN. After adjustment for covariates, non-creatinine-adjusted arsenic levels were lower in LOV (-54%) and vegans (-54%) compared to OMN (p = 0.009). Compared to OMN, vegans (but not LOV) had lower mercury (-48%; p = 0.028) and higher cadmium levels (+42%; p = 0.023). Other elements (aluminium, cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, thallium, tin, and zinc) were similar between groups. Analyses normalised to urinary creatinine confirmed lower arsenic levels in LOV (-63%) and vegans (-59%; p<0.001), but suggested similar mercury and cadmium levels in OMN, LOV, and vegans, higher cobalt in LOV (+53%; p = 0.035), and higher copper in vegans (+17%; p = 0.040). Trends (non-significant after adjustment for multiple testing) were noted for nickel (LOV: +119%), cobalt (vegans: +43%), and zinc (vegans: -26%; compared to OMN). LOV and vegans had similar urinary levels (p ≥0.207). Urinary creatinine levels were similar across all groups (p ≥0.912). Eight additional elements were not detected (bismuth, gold, indium, iridium, palladium, silver) or were detected only in a few samples (platinum, zirconium). Overall, LOV and vegans exhibited a lower arsenic burden than OMN. A higher cadmium and lower mercury burden in vegans was not confirmed in creatinine-adjusted analyses. Similar studies are warranted to validate results. Biomonitoring studies may benefit from considering vegetarian status, particularly for arsenic exposure.

The following article presents a hitherto unknown kābı̄n (marriage contract) text in the New Persian language from a manuscript originally kept in Beijing, now held in Taipei. The text is both an important monument of the Christian Early New Persian linguistic community and a testimony of the social life of such communities along the Silk Road in the pre-Mongol period. Arabic borrowings could be a clue that dates the text to the tenth or eleventh centuries. The text represents an important witness to the permanence of the Iranian custom of the dowry payment combined with the Syriac Christian wedding ritual of the Church of the East. The New Persian in the fragment points to the history of early language forms functioning in pre-Mongol non-Muslim communities.

This article aims to reconstruct the social history of norms against the apology for fascism since 1945, focusing on the public debate and the consequences of these norms in Italian society. The primary sources are case law and media debate. This study aims to examine how non-militant Italians perceived the threat posed by fascism and related movements, and how their attitudes towards antifascist legislation evolved over time. By examining case studies highlighting the evolution of non-militant Italian society’s position towards neofascism, the article assesses whether there has been a dialogue between society and the courts.

Distributed ledgers – decentralized databases maintained by network consensus – are often modeled as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to capture the causal structure of data addition. Although blockchain systems like Bitcoin use linear chains, alternatives such as tangle in IOTA employ random DAGs. In such mechanisms each new transaction approves multiple predecessors selected through a randomized process. Prior work has established a fluid-limit approximation of the tangle’s growth, governed by a delay differential equation. In this paper we go beyond the fluid limit by analyzing the next-order behavior. We show that the fluctuations around the deterministic limit converge to a Gaussian process and derive a stochastic delay differential equation (SDDE) that describes this next-order approximation.