Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, comprising approximately 1621 accepted species worldwide, including 96 species native to China, and is of considerable ornamental and medicinal value. In this review, we summarize Chinese native Dendrobium germplasm resources and analyse hybrid breeding patterns based on records from the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) and OrchidWiz databases. As of 1 January 2026, 18,085 Dendrobium hybrids have been registered, of which 1035 involve Chinese native species as parents. There is a clear sectional imbalance in the RHS hybrid registration records, with breeding resources heavily concentrated within Sect. Dendrobium particularly D. nobile and D. moniliforme, while most other sections remain underutilized in crossing practices. The uneven exploitation of Dendrobium sections stems not from poor germplasm potential, but from the absence of phylogeny-directed parental selection. In addition, some native species from Sect. Densiflora, such as D. lindleyi, D. densiflorum and D. thyrsiflorum, exhibit high ornamental value but remain underutilized in hybrid combinations. By integrating hybrid registration data, award records and progeny performance, we identify key constraints in the hybrid breeding of Chinese native Dendrobium and propose strategies emphasizing systematic germplasm conservation and evaluation, phylogeny-guided parent selection, and the application of modern breeding technologies. This review provides a reference for improving hybrid breeding efficiency and promoting the sustainable utilization of Chinese native Dendrobium germplasm resources.

Dietary acid load (DAL), which reflects diet’s overall acid–base balance, has been proposed to influence glucose metabolism; however, epidemiological findings on its relationship with diabetes risk remain inconsistent. While Western studies suggest that higher DAL is associated with higher diabetes risk, particularly among women, findings from East Asian populations have been inconsistent, particularly regarding sex-specific associations. The present prospective study examined the association between DAL and 5-year diabetes incidence among Japanese adults, focusing on sex-specific differences. Data were obtained from 19,040 participants (7,037 men and 12,003 women) in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. DAL was estimated based on the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) derived from a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident diabetes were estimated separately for men and women across PRAL and NEAP quartiles using multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputations for missing covariates. During follow-up, 490 new diabetes cases were identified (245 in each sex). Among women, higher DAL was significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes; ORs (95% CIs) from multivariable-adjusted model, including sociodemographic, lifestyle, health status, and macronutrient covariates, comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles were 1.61 (1.09–2.37) for PRAL and 1.72 (1.18–2.52) for NEAP. No clear associations were observed among men. The findings provide a foundation for further studies in East Asian populations using more precise dietary assessment methods to clarify the association between DAL and incident diabetes and to inform dietary guidelines and preventive strategies.

This paper presents a method for designing short-circuited stub filters using coaxial technology. The approach relies on an original interconnection technique, based on crossing the polarities of coaxial lines, enabling both inverters and resonators to be implemented in a coaxial configuration. To validate the concept, two fourth-order tubular coaxial band-pass stub filters, with relative bandwidths of 24% and 39%, are synthesized, fabricated in aluminum, and measured. Simulated multipactor power-handling performances and experimental S-parameters are presented and discussed. The reliability and soundness of the approach were also demonstrated by designing and measuring two second-order band-pass filters using F24 filter building blocks. Finally, a comparison with the state-of-the-art is provided.

During the long nineteenth century, operatic narratives, music and performance styles had a rich secondary life in fantoccini puppet shows, ballet, tableaux vivants and magic lantern shows. The intersection of ballet with opera is well known, but operatic material was also adapted by these other genres that, in turn, were often chosen as the vehicle for discrete sequences within operas. Opera thus achieved a presence in many genres during the century that only disappeared as it neared the twentieth. This cross-pollination disturbs the categorizations of high and low art, and challenges the assumption that street artforms only engaged with opera on parodic or satirical levels. The article contextualizes this cross-pollination within society’s acceleration towards mass-literacy in the second half of the nineteenth century. As Britain’s performance culture shifted to reflect increased literacy, new stage languages emerged in each of these genres along with innovations in storytelling, and this separated them from the proto-literate traditions which had facilitated their cross-pollination in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Exemplifying Kress and Leeuven’s interpretation of advanced literacy as multi-modal, where media other than text shape communication, performances became more instrumentally-supported, more visual, faster paced, physically active and audience comprehension became more instant. Older styles of external interpreters and heavy expositions came to an end. In the process, opera lost a valuable conduit in other performance genres.

This article analyses the American influences that contributed to Polish Jewish violinist Bronislaw Huberman’s (1882–1947) establishment of the Palestine Symphony Orchestra in 1936. Although Huberman is remembered for his pivotal role in the orchestra’s creation, his political and musical vision was significantly shaped by his visits to the United States, beginning in the 1920s. These experiences transformed him into a prominent advocate of the Pan-Europe movement and a vocal critic of the Nazi regime. This paper argues that American ideals and cultural dynamics played a crucial role in shaping the orchestra’s identity and vision. Ultimately, it demonstrates that the Palestine Symphony Orchestra’s formation was not solely rooted in its German origins but was also influenced by American values and aspirations.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) serve as a valuable resource to healthcare institutions. This commentary explores a real world demonstration of the potential advantages and pitfalls of using artificial intelligence (AI) in ASP, both in supporting the development of institutional guidelines and in providing a cost-effectiveness analysis of these protocols, as well as the caution that should be exercised when involving AI in stewardship.

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) seeks to restrain violence in war, yet its influence depends not primarily on codification or formal commitment, but on how legal judgment becomes embedded within military institutions. This article examines how IHL became operationally consequential in the United States military through a process of institutional translation. Drawing on new institutionalist perspectives, it traces how Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Corps officers secured sustained access to command decision-making by rendering humanitarian norms operationally intelligible and strategically relevant. Across four historical episodes—from the postwar creation of an independent JAG Corps, through Vietnam and Grenada, to the consolidation of Operational Law in the Gulf War and its subsequent strain in counterterrorism operations—the article shows how legal expertise became embedded within planning cycles, targeting processes, and rules of engagement. This institutionalization produced a structural paradox: IHL gained unprecedented influence by becoming useful to military strategy, yet that very usefulness reshaped the meaning of restraint within strategic decision-making. The article argues that law’s influence in war is conditional and institutionally mediated: the pathway that makes legal norms consequential also exposes their humanitarian content to strategic redirection.

The answer to the question, “Is Roger Bacon’s scientific practice scientific?” concerns an assessment of whether Bacon’s scientific practice exhibits traits of modern science. This paper uses the theoretical framework proposed by Hon and Goldstein (2023) for defining modern science, which identifies three salient, constitutive features: commitment, methodology and technique. These features function together as a skeleton of the argumentative structure which combines presuppositions and rules of inference to reach a conclusion. The fundamental assumption is that scientific knowledge is argumentative. Against this background we examine three scientific results that Bacon included in his Opus majus. Although Bacon’s methodology involves the use of geometrical proofs and his technique employs diagrams and geometrical analysis of the relations embedded in them—both features seemingly indicative of modern scientific practice—a characteristic alien to modern practice surfaces in the feature Hon and Goldstein refer to as “commitment.” Specifically, Bacon’s commitment is rooted in theology and its dependence on sacred scripture. It is this characteristic that sets Bacon’s scientific practice apart from modern science. In a nutshell, Bacon’s commitment implies that final causes are not directly and fully known from the natural world but are revealed through scripture. Consequently, since understanding the nature of a thing requires knowing all four Aristotelian causes, those ignorant of sacred scripture cannot grasp the final cause and thus miss the true nature of the thing. It thus follows that Bacon’s approach is not what we associate with modern science.

The article compares children’s singing behaviours from China and England, using similar materials and research protocol. In total, N = 5,037 singing performances were collected from Chinese and English Primary school students who had received no specialist singing training other than in their regular music classes. Chinese participants showed a similar level of development across different age groups as their English peers, with assessed singing competency generally increasing with age, especially for children aged ≤ 8 years. Girls generally showed more advanced singing behaviour developmentally than boys in the various age groups in both countries. Any sex difference in singing behaviour was smaller for younger children (age < 7 years).

We use economic experiments to study a fundamental question in political economy: Do voters understand the benefits of taxes? Participants play an economic game as members of a virtual society composed of computer players. In each round, the players earn low or high income, see the distribution of income, and then vote for low or high taxes. We test whether participants vote rationally for high taxes when poor and low taxes when rich, following a classic model in political economy, or whether they focus on the burden of taxes more than the benefits. Across three experiments, poor players voted against high taxes 30% to 50% of the time, and they were more opposed when the same policy was labeled “taxes” than when it was labeled “sharing.” In Experiment 2, Singaporean participants opposed taxes at about the same rate as those of Americans in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, participants’ opposition to taxes persisted when they received low income every round. These results support the burden hypothesis: voters focus more on the burden of paying taxes than on the benefits they provide. We reflect on what the results imply for the politics of taxes.

In this single-center, retrospective cohort study of 1169 patients requiring outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy, complications (i.e., bloodstream infections or venous thrombosis) occurred more frequently in patients with midlines (6.4 per 1,000 line-days) than peripherally inserted central catheters (1.1 per 1,000 line-days), adjusted hazard ratio 3.60 (95% confidence interval 1.66–7.81).

Domain-specific epistemic priorities determine which procedures for solving computational models are accepted in a given domain. Tractability assessments thus depend on how disciplines resolve epistemic trade-offs, and ignoring this domain-specificity renders the notion of tractability underspecified. I argue that recognizing domain-specific tractability standards reveals an overlooked challenge to model transfer: skepticism about a model’s suitability as a computational device in the new domain. Based on the case of a hybrid agent-based model in macroeconomics, I demonstrate that this challenge can sometimes be mitigated by reformulating the model’s representational mode to align with the new domain’s tractability standard.

Neonatal ectopic atrial tachycardia is a rare arrhythmia that may be resistant to conventional therapy. We report a neonate with persistent foetal tachycardia refractory to flecainide and digoxin. Ivabradine resulted in rapid and sustained heart rate reduction without haemodynamic compromise. This case supports ivabradine as a therapeutic option in neonatal automatic tachycardias when standard treatments fail.