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This article describes how Egyptian state documents are scattered between governmental institutions, private collections, and the second-hand book and paper market. This scattering raises a practical question about the conditions under which official documents become discardable and commodifiable by bureaucrats, their families, and second-hand dealers. This scattering also raises a theoretical question about the nature of a state which takes uneven care in keeping a record of its own institutional past. After outlining the difficulties of access one faces in official archives in Egypt, the article fleshes out the sociological profile of different custodians of state paperwork—including families of bureaucrats, peddlers, and dealers—and the conditions under which state documents become commodified to this day. The overarching objective is not just to show the well-known limitations of national archives as a source of historical material, but also to show how actually existing “state archives” go well beyond the remit of official institutions, with notable consequences over our conception of the state.
This work explores the use of a shallow surface hump for passive control and stabilisation of stationary crossflow (CF) instabilities. Wind tunnel experiments are conducted on a spanwise-invariant swept-wing model. The influence of the hump on the boundary layer stability and laminar–turbulent transition is assessed through infrared thermography and particle image velocimetry measurements. The results reveal a strong dependence of the stabilisation effect on the amplitude of the incoming CF disturbances, which is conditioned via discrete roughness elements at the wing leading edge. At a high forcing amplitude, weakly nonlinear stationary CF vortices interact with the hump and result in an abrupt anticipation of transition, essentially tripping the flow. In contrast, at a lower forcing amplitude, CF vortices interact with the hump during linear growth. Notable stabilisation of the primary CF disturbance and considerable transition delay with respect to the reference case (i.e. without hump) is then observed. The spatial region just downstream of the hump apex is shown to be key to the stabilisation mechanism. In this region, the primary CF disturbances rapidly change spanwise orientation and shape, possibly driven by the pressure gradient change-over caused by the hump and the development of CF reversal. The amplitude and shape deformation of the primary CF instabilities are found to contribute to a long-lasting suboptimal growth downstream of the hump, eventually leading to transition delay.
Researchers have long debated which spatial arrangements and swimming synchronisations are beneficial for the hydrodynamic performance of fish in schools. In our previous work (Seo and Mittal, Bioinsp. Biomim., Vol. 17, 066020, 2022), we demonstrated using direct numerical simulations that hydrodynamic interactions with the wake of a leading body -caudal fin carangiform swimmer could significantly enhance the swimming performance of a trailing swimmer by augmenting the leading-edge vortex (LEV) on its caudal fin. In this study, we develop a model based on the phenomenology of LEV enhancement, which utilises wake velocity data from direct numerical simulations of a leading fish to predict the trailing swimmer’s hydrodynamic performance without additional simulations. For instance, the model predicts locations where direct simulations confirm up to 20 % enhancement of thrust. This approach enables a comprehensive analysis of the effects of relative positioning, phase difference, flapping amplitude, Reynolds number and the number of swimmers in the school on thrust enhancement. The results offer several insights regarding the effect of these parameters that have implications for fish schools as well as for bio-inspired underwater vehicle applications.
We aimed to explore concerns and feeling of safety among quarantined and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative study of free text answers from participants of an online survey. The survey was conducted between March 2020 and June 2021. COVID-19 positive adults in home isolation and adults in quarantine were eligible for participation. 698 participants answered one or more of three open-ended questions about concerns and safety. We analyzed free-text answers using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke with an inductive approach.
Results
Analysis of the free-text answers from all participants identified three main themes: (1) Fear of the unknown, (2) Views on personal care and public health measures, and (3) Concern for the future of a country in crisis. Participants’ feelings revolved around health-related concerns and societal related concerns. They were concerned about their own and other’s health, and possible long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection. Some participants were satisfied with the health care system, others thought follow-ups, testing, vaccination, and information would increase their feeling of safety.
Conclusions
People quarantined and isolated due to the COVID-19 pandemic had concerns regarding personal health and societal consequences of infection control measures. Health care follow-ups and individualized information would increase participants’ feeling of safety.
Despite the affinity of monism and monotheism—and despite monism’s recent philosophical renaissance—few have defended the conjunction of the two claims, of what we might call ‘theistic monism’. I argue, first, that monism and monotheism are consistent, and second, that each one provides good reasons to accept the other one. Monotheists, qua monotheists, have good reason to be monists; and monists, qua monists, have good reason to be monotheists. There should be much greater overlap between the monist camp and the monotheist camp than there is at present.
Fostering diversity in political science careers is important. Undergraduate research experiences, coupled with an emphasis on career diversity, have the potential to increase relevant knowledge about and buoy tendencies toward pursuing a PhD among students from diverse backgrounds. This article describes components of a US National Science Foundation–funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program that highlighted career diversity. We find evidence of positive shifts in awareness of career opportunities for those with doctoral degrees alongside sustained interest in pursuing a PhD. We conclude that an emphasis on career diversity can be a useful component of efforts to shape students’ attitudes and inclinations toward a PhD.
Exposure to childhood trauma or adverse adulthood experiences (AAEs) may increase depression risk. However, the relationships between these factors and age of depression onset remain unclear.
Aims
We aimed to investigate the associations of childhood trauma and AAEs with depression risk across life stages, and their joint effects on lifetime depression risk.
Method
A total of 118 164 participants without prior depression from UK Biobank (UKB) were included. Adverse experiences during childhood and adulthood were assessed through the online mental health questionnaire in 2016, primarily including physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to explore the independent and joint effects of childhood trauma and AAEs on the age of depression onset.
Results
In the multivariable-adjusted models, compared with low childhood trauma, high childhood trauma was associated with higher risk of depression occurring in early adulthood [hazard ratio 2.35, 95% CIs: 2.12–2.59] and middle adulthood (hazard ratio 1.86, 95% CIs: 1.67–2.07). Likewise, in comparison with lower levels of AAEs, higher levels were significantly associated with an elevated risk of depression during middle adulthood (hazard ratio 2.71, 95% CIs: 2.26–3.25). In joint analyses we found that, compared with individuals with low AAEs and low childhood trauma, those with low AAEs and high childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.80, 95% CIs: 1.41–2.30) and those with high AAEs and low childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.74, 95% CIs: 1.35–2.26) exhibited similarly significant effects on the risk of depression, suggesting that childhood trauma and AAEs had contributed equally to lifetime depression (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Exposure to childhood trauma or AAEs presented a more detrimental effect on the early onset of depression compared with later stages throughout the lifespan. Our findings advise paying attention to traumatic events at any life stage, and the instigation of prompt intervention strategies following traumatic events, to minimise the risk of lifetime depression.
Counting independent sets in graphs and hypergraphs under a variety of restrictions is a classical question with a long history. It is the subject of the celebrated container method which found numerous spectacular applications over the years. We consider the question of how many independent sets we can have in a graph under structural restrictions. We show that any $n$-vertex graph with independence number $\alpha$ without $bK_a$ as an induced subgraph has at most $n^{O(1)} \cdot \alpha ^{O(\alpha )}$ independent sets. This substantially improves the trivial upper bound of $n^{\alpha },$ whenever $\alpha \le n^{o(1)}$ and gives a characterisation of graphs forbidding which allows for such an improvement. It is also in general tight up to a constant in the exponent since there exist triangle-free graphs with $\alpha ^{\Omega (\alpha )}$ independent sets. We also prove that if one in addition assumes the ground graph is chi-bounded one can improve the bound to $n^{O(1)} \cdot 2^{O(\alpha )}$ which is tight up to a constant factor in the exponent.
This review essay focuses on the intimate, yet contingent, historical relationships between capitalism, democracy and the welfare state in the OECD region. Six landmark studies, published over the past decade, are reviewed: Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson’s Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty and The Narrow Corridor: How Nations Struggle for Liberty; Thomas Piketty’s Capital and Ideology; Torben Iversen and David Soskice’s Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century; Peter H. Lindert’s Making Social Spending Work; and Ayşe Buğra’s Social Policy in Capitalist History. All these books reveal the independent effect of historical political factors on the rise of the welfare state across advanced capitalist democracies. Contrary to received wisdom, the central argument put forward is that there is no trade-off between capitalism and democracy and, more importantly, that the welfare state has become an existentially important lubricant buttressing both advanced capitalism and liberal democracy.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of animation-supported education in enhancing seventh-grade students’ awareness and knowledge of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats. It addresses the need for engaging teaching methods for complex topics by implementing an animation-based educational program.
Methods
A CBRN Knowledge Test was developed and administered to 233 students (45.1% male, 54.9% female) to assess their baseline knowledge. Following this, students participated in educational sessions featuring animations that explained CBRN concepts in an engaging manner. The same test was readministered to measure knowledge changes. Additionally, surveys on training satisfaction and perceptions of the animations were conducted.
Results
The results showed that students with low initial CBRN knowledge exhibited significant improvement, while those with moderate or high knowledge also demonstrated measurable gains. This indicates the program’s effectiveness across all knowledge levels. Furthermore, students expressed high satisfaction with the animation-supported training. While no significant differences in knowledge improvement were observed based on gender or age, variations were noted according to branch and school location.
Conclusions
The study highlights the effectiveness of animations as a teaching tool for complex and sensitive topics like CBRN threats. Animation-supported education significantly enhances children’s preparedness and awareness, contributing to their safety and well-being in potential CBRN incidents.
Measles (rubeola) caused by measles virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted via respiratory droplets or can spread via sneezing or coughing of an infected person. In January 2025, two cases of measles associated with international travel seen in unvaccinated individuals of Harris County were reported by the Houston Health Department. This disease which was once declared eradicated from United States (US) in the year 2000, unfortunately has affected a total of 607 cases since January 2025, across the US, with highest number of cases recorded in Texas. Majority of the cases are witnessed in the paediatric population, especially the ones who are unvaccinated or have an uncertain vaccination history. Unfortunately, vaccine hesitancy is an important barrier in achieving measles eradication, and it is more imperative than ever to address this issue in a timely manner. There is an urgent need of virus containment measures to be taken by public health authorities to curb its spread, specifically by reinforcing the importance and safety of vaccinations, debunking myths and educating parents that the recommended two doses of vaccination not only serve as a safety net for their child but also for the community as a whole.
This article studies estimation and inference in the autoregressive (AR) models with unspecified and heavy-tailed heteroskedastic noises. A piece-wise locally stationary structure of the noise is constructed to capture various forms of heterogeneity, without imposing any restrictions on the tail index. The new nonstationary AR model allows for not only time-varying conditional features but also unconditional variance and tail index. This makes it appealing in practice, with wide applications in economics and finance. To obtain a feasible inference, we investigate the self-weighted least absolute deviation estimator and derive its asymptotic normality. Since the asymptotic variance relies on an unobserved density, a bootstrap method is proposed to approximate the limiting distribution. Based on the conditional moment condition, a portmanteau test from residuals is further proposed to detect misspecifications in the proposed model. A simulation study and two applications to time series illustrate our inference procedures.
This paper presents a compact, dual-polarized, 32-element, 47 GHz phased array transceiver, fabricated in 55 nm CMOS technology with antenna in package (AiP) technology for 5G communications. The proposed transceiver employs an intermediate frequency (IF) phase-shifting architecture and a facing-up (FU) configuration AiP. The IF phase shifting is realized using a bidirectional IF vector sum phase shifter and IQ mixer with drain bias, achieves less than 1° phase resolution, with rms phase error of 0.047° and rms amplitude error of 0.063 dB. The output third-order intercept point is above +1.0 dBm with Txconversion gain of more than 16.5 dB over the radio frequency ranges from 46 to 49 GHz. To reduce heat concentration from the high integrated phased-array transceiver, a FU AiP-fan-out wafer-level packaging utilizes solder balls mounted on the package as a heat spreader, resulting in a thermal resistance of less than 0.3 K/W. The finalized AiP size is only 12.3 mm × 14.9 mm. Regarding the over-the-air measurement, the proposed transmitter can deliver an equivalent isotropic radiated power of 30.7 dBm with single polarization and demonstrates transmitter error vector magnitude less than 3.9% under 5G NR modulation scheme (256QAM, 100 MHz bandwidth).
Glyphosate, the most prevalent pesticide and widely used herbicide globally, has seen much research on its potential ecological toxicity. Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) is directly sprayed in the field, exposing predators to the chemical through contaminated prey or direct contact. While the consequences of ingesting glyphosate have been explored, the specific impact of GBH spraying on Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) remains unclear. In this study, life tables were constructed to evaluate the potential effects of different stages of exposure to GBH on both the parents (F0) and offspring (F1) of C. pallens, and the expression of genes related to the insulin signalling pathway and vitellogenin (Vg1) was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that medium (10 mL/L) and high (20 mL/L) concentrations of GBH adversely affected the development and longevity of the F0 and F1 generation of C. pallens larvae. Notably, high concentrations of GBH significantly reduced the fecundity of the F0 and suppressed Vg1 transcription at both medium and high concentrations. While GBH treatment of C. pallens adults showed no harmful effects on the longevity, fecundity, population parameters, and the transcription levels of genes involved in insulin signalling and Vg1 in the F0. Nevertheless, it altered the developmental duration of the F1. Therefore, spraying GBH may lead to reduced fecundity and inhibit the Vg1 transcription, posing potential risks to both parental and offspring generations of C. pallens. These findings offer valuable insights into the proper utilisation of GBH.