This article examines the endurance of timbering and rafting along the upper Yellow River in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a case study of Fernand Braudel’s ‘social time’ of that critical section of the waterway, marked by intensified commerce and shifting political dynamics. The Muslim consolidation of midstream Ningxia, anchored in upstream Linxia, exemplified how Hui economic dominance intertwined with territorial control. These networks, later repurposed to support China’s resistance against Japanese imperialism, were abruptly disrupted by mid–twentieth-century dam construction and socialist collectivisation. Beyond economic history, the article interrogates historiographical silences surrounding Hui economic territorialisation. While external observers, including Republican officials and Japanese strategists, acknowledged Hui commercial monopolies, state historiography under the People’s Republic of China has often downplayed them to maintain narratives of ethnic harmony. Analysing cinematic representations across different eras of the twentieth century, the article further argues that film serves as a counterpoint to official narratives, offering an alternative medium where Hui agency and economic territoriality are articulated and contested. By bridging economic history, historiography, and visual culture, this study highlights the political stakes of ethnic commerce and the ways in which Hui identity has been shaped and reshaped across different political regimes.

This paper examines how incorporating theoretical virtues in belief updating affects the long-term success of epistemic communities. Drawing on NK landscape models of the type used by Lazer and Friedman (2007), simulation results are used to show that when epistemic agents in a connected community factor in virtues like conservatism, modesty, and familiarity in theory selection, agents hold differing beliefs for longer periods of time. This increase in transient diversity typically leads to greater long-term communal epistemic success, a benefit that becomes more pronounced as interconnectedness between community members increases.

This paper presents a novel UHF RFID tag antenna with metal-mount capability, broadband characteristics, and frequency controllability. To achieve anti-metal performance, we explore a vertical loop structure as the main radiator, with slots for frequency adjustment and layout flexibility. The antenna operates based on a hybrid magnetic–electric mode interaction mechanism, in which the vertical loop provides a magnetic-dipole-dominated radiation mode. Furthermore, asymmetric resonant dipole patches are loaded on both sides of the center feed line to introduce an auxiliary electric mode and broaden the operating bandwidth. This structural-level mode and coupling engineering enables independent control of the center frequency while maintaining wideband impedance matching. The proposed antenna has a compact size of $0.1951\lambda \times0.128\lambda \times0.0051 \lambda$, with the main radiation lobe concentrated within 60$^{\circ}$ from the zenith. By mounting on a $100\times100\times2\,\mathrm{mm}^{3}$ copper plate, it achieves a maximum read range of 7.32 m, which demonstrates the good adaptability for UHF RFID tagging on metal surfaces.

This study presents the design and analysis of a small, high-gain, high-isolation 4-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array antenna engineered for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications at 28 GHz. The suggested antenna array, with dimensions of 30 × 30 × 0.8 mm3, is optimized on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate to provide an efficient and broadband response. Each element in the array is designed to resonate precisely at 28 GHz, achieving a remarkable return loss of −30 dB, indicating exceptional impedance matching and minimum reflection losses. The antenna has a broad impedance bandwidth of 2.2 GHz (about 7.85%), guaranteeing dependable performance throughout the designated 5G mmWave spectrum. The simulated and observed outcomes show a maximum gain of 13.50 dBi, guaranteeing robust link quality for high-data-rate transmission conditions. The antenna exhibits an isolation greater than 27 dB over the working band, underscoring its appropriateness for MIMO applications by efficiently mitigating mutual coupling effects. The key performance parameters, including the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.005) and diversity gain (nearing 10 dB), validate the antenna’s efficacy for multi-antenna systems. This work introduces a novel MIMO antenna solution characterized by small dimensions, high gain, low mutual coupling, and extensive operating bandwidth, successfully fulfilling the rigorous requirements of next-generation 5G mmWave communication systems.

Multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) is widely used to estimate opinion in small subgroups and to adjust unrepresentative surveys. Yet, even flexible MRP models contain errors generated by non-response and model misspecification. We propose a principled, data-driven method to leverage observable errors on auxiliary quantities with known marginal distributions—for example, election outcomes—to improve estimates of policy attitudes. Our method leverages the correlation between auxiliary variables and outcomes of interest to calibrate MRP estimates to these known marginal distributions. We illustrate our approach using a pre-election poll measuring support for an abortion referendum. We find that the method reduces county-level error by nearly two-thirds relative to traditional MRP. We also show how our calibration approach can be used to generate estimates for smaller nested geographies, such as precincts, even in the absence of poststratification data at this level. Our approach provides a framework for fully incorporating known population data to improve estimates of public opinion in small subgroups, providing scholars another tool to study representation.

This paper presents the design, optimization, fabrication, and measurement of three RF-to-DC rectifiers operating at 3.5 GHz for wireless power transfer and RF energy harvesting applications. A low-power rectifier achieves a peak efficiency of 50.5% at -2 dBm, while a high-power rectifier reaches 61.2% at 15 dBm. To extend the operating range, a wide-range rectifier based on a passive dynamic sub-rectifier selection architecture is proposed. The developed system achieves a maximum efficiency of 54.7% at 16 dBm and maintains over 20% efficiency across a 41 dB input power range. Experimental results validate the proposed designs and show good agreement with simulations.

This study examined the association between transitions in BMI growth channel (BMI-GC) and the odds of underweight and overweight in young adulthood. Data were drawn from 2,759 participants in the Young Lives study (YL) and 2,782 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). Normal Weight (NW) subsamples, consisting of 1,922 participants from YL and 1,477 from NLSY97, were selected for sensitivity analyses. Individual BMI-GC trajectories were estimated using linear mixed-effects models, and classified into four groups: Stable, Crossing Upwards, Crossing Downwards, and Fluctuating. Associations between BMI-GC groups and underweight and overweight at age 22 were assessed using logistic regression models. Compared to the Stable group, participants in the Crossing Downwards group had higher odds of being underweight in YL (OR: 2.62; 95%CI: 1.95–3.54), whereas those in the Crossing Upwards group had higher odds of overweight in YL (OR: 3.96 (95%CI: 2.61–5.99)) and in NLSY97 (OR: 2.55 (95%CI: 1.95–3.33)). In sensitivity analysis (NW subsamples), Crossing Downwards remained associated with underweight in YL (OR: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.23–2.48), and Crossing Upwards remained associated with overweight in both cohorts (OR: 1.95; 95%CI: 1.14–3.34 in YL and OR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.00–2.78 in NLSY97). Crossing BMI-GC was associated with both underweight and overweight outcomes, including among participants with normal weight during childhood and adolescence. These findings highlight the importance of BMI-GC in weight assessments, offering a more nuanced understanding of growth trajectories and emphasizing the need to move beyond BMI categories alone to predict long-term nutritional risks.

We report the case of an 8-year-old boy with unrepaired cyanotic CHD who developed pheochromocytoma and presented with hypertensive heart failure. Imaging revealed a tumour in the right adrenal gland. A genetic analysis identified a somatic EPAS1 mutation. This case highlights the potential for early pheochromocytoma development in patients with unrepaired CHD and severe cyanosis. This case provides a hypothesis-generating observation suggesting that chronic hypoxia may act synergistically with a pseudohypoxia mutation, potentially leading to an earlier-than-expected presentation of pheochromocytoma.