Self-placement measures of masculinity and femininity have been gaining popularity in political science research, but questions remain about their long-term stability and the extent to which political views may impact gender identities. Taking advantage of two waves of measures of masculinity and femininity self-placement in an online panel, a categorical measure of masculinity and femininity (making use of a six-point scale, anchored scale) is found to be both highly stable and more stable than a scalar measure (making use of a 0 to 100 scale). The scalar measure is also found to be responsive to political views, such that men who report support for Donald Trump in the US Presidential elections identify as more masculine in the follow-up study. Overall, both measures are found to be relatively stable, bolstering the case that they are measuring a stable underlying construct.

Law is both shaped by and a vehicle for hierarchically structured dichotomies that fragment life, thought and action – most enduringly the split between scholarship and activism. This article revisits investigación militante, a Latin American and Caribbean tradition that rejects the separation between theory and practice, and between academic inquiry and political struggle. Through the work of Orlando Fals Borda, Lélia Gonzalez and Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, we explore how investigación militante offers a distinctive onto-epistemological and ethical orientation for law and society research. Concepts such as senti-pensar, amefricanidade and ch’ixi open up approaches to law as a terrain for co-producing alternative normativities. We identify three core commitments – methodological, political and ethical – that distinguish investigación militante from adjacent approaches such as movement lawyering, offering critical resources for re-imagining law and society praxis amid intersecting planetary crises.

Robotic manufacturing systems offer significant advantages, including increased flexibility and reduced costs. However, challenges in trajectory planning, error compensation, and system integration hinder their broader application in additive manufacturing. To address these issues, this paper proposes a generalized non-parametric trajectory planning method tailored for robotic additive manufacturing. The proposed trajectory planner incorporates chord error and speed continuity constraints and integrates the look-ahead planning with real-time interpolation in a parallel structure to ensure smooth transitions in the robot’s trajectory. Additionally, a real-time path tracking control method is introduced, combining RBF neural network-based dynamic feedforward control with visual servoing-based feedback control. This control strategy significantly improves the robot’s tracking accuracy, particularly for complex additive manufacturing paths that involve multiple short connected line segments and frequent speed variations. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is validated through experiments on a robotic additive manufacturing platform. The experimental results (line segment, circular arc segment, and continuous path tracking) show that the robot’s tracking error remains within $\pm$0.15 mm and $\pm 0.05^{\circ }$.

Validity tests are used in both forensic and clinical settings, but their application in clinical practice is often hindered by misconceptions. These include the assumptions that validity tests imply a medico-legal dimension, primarily detect feigning or malingering, and provide minimal actionable information to clinicians. The authors critically discuss these misconceptions and argue that validity tests may offer significant value in clinical practice by assessing whether patients can describe their symptoms, complaints and impairments with reasonable accuracy, which has important implications for diagnosis and treatment planning. Importantly, in clinical practice, when interpreting validity tests, neutral terminology such as ‘over-reporting’ and ‘underperformance’ is often preferable to – and better to substantiate than – terms like ‘feigning’ and ‘malingering’, which can evoke moral judgements, creating an unnecessary barrier to using these valuable clinical tools.

The account of extraction using only generalized context free phrase structure (put forth in a series of papers by Gazdar in the late 1970s and early 1980s and then codified in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar) used, slash as a feature to indicate that there was something missing in wh-extraction constructions. Although this was (deliberately) reminiscent of the slash of Categorial Grammar (CG) (which encodes argument selection), they treated it as distinct from the CG slash. Subsequent work by Steedman proposed to unite them. This paper argues first, that Gazdar et al. were correct to treat the two differently. Second, I advocate a natural view of syntactic categories under the CG world view. Thus, we take the function categories of CG to correspond to functions on strings, and with this we preclude what I call S-crossing composition, used in many CG analyses. With this in mind, we suggest that rightward extraction as in Right Node Raising really is function composition, while wh-extraction should be handled by something much closer to the account in Gazdar et al. The two behave differently under coordination chains involving a silent and or or. This behavior provides evidence that the two should be kept distinct (see also work by Oehrle for this poit), while providing striking evidence for the view of syntactic categories advocated here.

As digital connectivity expands and more services become tradable online, international trade is increasingly transitioning into the digital realm. Consequently, the regulatory environment facilitating digital trade has emerged as a central aspect of trade policy. Empirical research plays a vital role in informing the design, implementation, and reform of regulatory policies to facilitate trade in the digital era. However, such research heavily relies on the availability of up-to-date regulatory information across various countries. This paper introduces the Digital Trade Integration (DTI) database, which provides an overview of regulatory policies and practices expected to impact digital trade integration across 146 countries. These measures are organized into 65 indicators and 12 policy pillars covering restrictive and enabling policies. This paper highlights global and regional trends that are considered the four main components of digital trade integration: regulating (Information and Communication Technology) ICT goods, online services, investment in sectors relevant to digital trade, and data. The findings underscore the necessity for ongoing research and policy development to foster an equitable and integrated global digital economy.

Court-curbing legislation seeks to constrain judicial independence and create a judicial environment that aligns with the preferences of the state legislature. Much of the existing court-curbing literature focuses on court curbing at the national level and state courts of last resort. However, most cases in the United States are decided by lower state courts. This article examines the motivations to curb lower state courts. Our results suggest that as legislative professionalization increases, the legislatures are more likely to introduce legislation that curbs state trial courts. Unlike existing literature on federal courts and state courts of last resort, the ideological distance from the bill sponsor and the state lower courts does not influence court-curbing activity. Our results hold when tested at both the bill and state levels.

This article examines endangered language protection through domestic legislation, questioning reliance on international linguistic human rights frameworks. While international courts frequently decline to enforce language rights independently, national legislation proves more effective in safeguarding linguistic diversity.

Through a comparative case study of Qatar, Lebanon, and Morocco, this research identifies effective domestic approaches to protecting linguistic diversity. Qatar’s Law No. 7 of 2019 balances Arabic promotion with minority protections. Lebanon’s multilingual educational framework and Morocco’s constitutional recognition of Tamazight demonstrate how domestic mechanisms provide substantive linguistic safeguards. These cases reveal that successful preservation requires enforceable domestic legislation rather than theoretical international frameworks lacking implementation mechanisms.

The article exposes critical gaps between idealistic international instruments and enforceable protections, advocating state-centered approaches that treat language as both cultural heritage and living practice. Effective preservation emerges from coordinated national legislation combined with community initiatives within existing human rights frameworks. This shift from international idealism to domestic pragmatism offers viable pathways for protecting global linguistic diversity – particularly urgent given that approximately 3,000 languages face extinction within the coming decades. The study presents implementable alternatives to failed international strategies, demonstrating how context-specific domestic policies achieve meaningful preservation outcomes.

The main challenge to producing a nutritionally improved milk fat composition is to increase monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and decrease saturated fatty acids (SFA) without detriment to dairy product characteristics. Our aim was to determine the optimal amount of intestinally available oleic acid (via abomasal infusion) to produce higher-MUFA milk fat with satisfactory functional characteristics for ice cream. One control and four increasing doses of free fatty acids (FA) from high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFA) were infused into the abomasa of four lactating dairy cows in a changeover design with periods of 7 d. Treatments were (1) control (no FA infused), (2) HOSFA (250 g/d), (3) HOSFA (500 g/d), (4) HOSFA (750 g/d), and (5) HOSFA (1000 g/d). All treatments included meat solubles and Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Ice cream mixes were prepared with butter oil from all treatments. Samples prepared from control and 500 g/d HOSFA infusion were evaluated by a judging panel in a triangle test. Statistical analysis of results showed linear changes in most of the variables analysed as HOSFA infusion increased. For ice cream under freezing temperatures, the 500 g/d level was optimal. Sensory evaluation analysis indicated no statistical difference between ice creams prepared from the control and 500 g/d HOSFA infusion. Changes in 23 triacylglycerol fractions were statistically correlated to functional properties at 10 min of freezing. The decrease in fractions with SFA (butyrin-caprylin-palmitin, butyrin-laurin-olein, butyrin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-palmitin, caproin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-stearin, caproin-palmitin-palmitin) and the increase in dioleyl triglycerides (with butyric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids) and triolein were some of the most highly correlated with ice cream functional properties as the result of increasing HOSFA infusion. We were able to produce an ice cream with desirable physical and organoleptic qualities, yet containing twice as much oleic acid and two-thirds as much palmitate as a control ice cream.

The study aimed to investigate effective measures of victimization prevention and ensure the safety of minors in the context of modern threats. The study analysed the approaches to victimization prevention in Kazakhstan, the United States and Germany, with an emphasis on the differences in their methods. The study employed methods of statistical data analysis, regulations and international practice, which ensured a comparative study of the specifics of juvenile protection in different countries. In Kazakhstan, the legal regulation of the digital environment, including the control of harmful content and the enhancement of criminal law, is a priority. Germany uses educational initiatives aimed at both children and their parents to raise awareness of safe online behaviour. In the United States, the development of technological solutions, such as content filters and parental control tools, is prioritized to protect minors. The study highlighted the need to incorporate lessons on safe Internet practices into the school curriculum in Kazakhstan, as well as to enhance parents’ legal literacy through specialized educational courses and information campaigns. The importance of international cooperation aimed at developing unified measures to protect children in the digital space was highlighted. The results of the study demonstrate that effective protection of minors requires a comprehensive approach, including legislative, educational and technological measures. This approach will minimize the victimization of children and create safe conditions for their development in the face of modern digital threats.

The purpose of this study was to examine the legislative and criminological aspects of combatting fraud at the international and national levels. For an effective study of the topic, it was vital to use terminological, hermeneutical, comparative and historical methods. The study covered the essence of fraud as a criminal offence, and identified and analysed the most widespread types of fraud. The study identified the key elements of the crime of fraud: deception, intent of the offender, transfer of property as a result of misrepresentation, mercenary motive and establishment of factual damage. The study found that the key feature that classifies fraud as a criminal offence is the existence of an intentional act. As a result of the study, the international regulatory framework was analysed, as well as the legislation of Kazakhstan and Singapore on combatting fraud. Furthermore, the criminal law and criminological aspects of combatting the crime of fraud were studied through the practices of Kazakhstan and Singapore. The study paid special attention to the need to ensure an effective and complete legal framework in the field of fraud prevention and the development of strong international cooperation on this matter. The study also emphasized the significance of raising public awareness of the fraud situation and conducting educational activities to inform the public about the potential risks.

We consider the existence, nonexistence and multiplicity of normalized solutions to the $p$-Laplacian equation on a bounded domain(0.1)

\begin{equation}\left\{\begin{array}{ll}-\Delta_p u+\lambda |u|^{p-2}u=g(u),&\text{in }\Omega,\\\int_\Omega |u|^p=\rho, u=0&\text{on }\partial \Omega,\end{array}\right.\end{equation}

where $\Omega$ is a bounded domain, $p\geq 2$. Firstly, under suitable assumptions on $\rho$, if $g$ is at most mass-critical at infinity, we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions. Secondly, for $\rho$ large, if $g$ is mass-supercritical, we perform a blow-up analysis to show the nonexistence of finite Morse index solutions. At last, for $\rho$ suitably small, combining with the monotonicity argument, we obtain a multiplicity result. In particular, when $p=2$, we obtain the existence of infinitely many normalized solutions.

Euphonia, or the Musical City: Tale of the Future, Hector Berlioz’s novella from 1844, is a testament to how the composer imagined a perfect city drawing from both the musical past and his autobiography. Euphonia envisions a community of artists striving for musical perfection, which is demonstrated during a recurring festival honouring Gluck, Berlioz’s first musical idol. Composers carefully monitor musical preparation, and only knowledgeable audiences attend concerts. Berlioz’s visionary, futuristic utopia is built on nostalgia for an alternate musical culture and recent musical heritage. This imagined city arose from the composer’s experiences in the urban locales where he lived. Euphonia is Berlioz’s dream to musically revisit La Côte-Saint-André, his native city, while it also expresses a desire to engage with the nostalgic aura of the German mountains. Nostalgia seeks to build alternative realities as a response to the bittersweet memories of times gone by and the perception that the culture of the present is declining. Rather than being solely directed at reminiscing about the past, the power of nostalgia relies on its ability to create the promise of a better future. Despite that Berlioz continued to enrich his artistic outlook in Paris, the composer also faced frustrations with the musical establishment in which he worked and about which he wrote. Berlioz considered that in Paris popular opinions and habits of the musical world had tarnished music’s integrity. As it became clear that his musical ideals were not met in the real world, he imagined a perfect city-conservatory, Euphonia, where Berlioz countered the artistic realities and hardships he faced in Paris and in exchange imagined new spaces where his ideas would flourish. The utopic yet so nostalgic city of Euphonia, like Berlioz’s music, commemorated the musical values of past eras and anticipated a future of creative possibility.

A copper-alloy spear-shaped mount, found during excavations at the extramural settlement at Inveresk Roman fort, represents a rare British example of a beneficiarius lance symbol. Stylistic parallels are found among a corpus of personal ornaments used by soldiers of the beneficiarii and are typically restricted to sites on the German limes. This paper discusses the style and function of this object and what its presence reveals about Inveresk and its role in the administration and control of Roman Scotland.

In recent decades, deliberative practices have increasingly been used around the world by local, regional, and national institutions (Caluwaerts and Reuchamps 2018; Gherghina, Soare, and Jacquet 2020; Michels 2011). In Romania, most examples of deliberative practices revolve around local-level practices, including participatory budgeting and citizen councils, and focus on how they function and influence the communities (Gherghina and Tap 2021; Schiffbeck 2019).