This paper examines replication research in pragmatics. The paper has three goals: to understand how replication has been used in pragmatics, to explore how replication research can enrich research in pragmatics and language learning, and to offer some suggestions for replication projects in L2 pragmatics. The paper examines sets of original and replicated studies in both L1 and L2 pragmatics to understand the range of research that has been conducted. It then considers the status of item replications (repeated scenarios) that characterize L2 pragmatics research. And it concludes by considering specific issues in L2 pragmatics research that can be insightfully investigated via replication.

This paper presents a dual-band reflectarray antenna based on a 1-bit hybrid active/passive metasurface, achieving independent four-beam radiation at frequencies of 5.8 and 9.7 GHz. The proposed unit cell integrates an active double-split square ring with PIN diodes for 180° phase switching at 5.8 GHz, and a passive cross-shaped patch for 180° phase control at 9.7 GHz. A chessboard-like coding arrangement enables independent beam steering at both frequencies. Experimental results from a fabricated 15 × 15 metasurface prototype show stable four-beam operation, with measured steering angles of 19° and 12.1°, and 3-dB beamwidths of 10.2° and 11.5° at 5.8 and 9.7 GHz, respectively, validating good agreement with simulations. The proposed metasurface demonstrates significant promise for applications in multiband radar and communication systems requiring compact, low-profile, reconfigurable antennas.

Since 2012, China has steadily advanced its anti-corruption efforts through the dual strategies of “hunting tigers” and “swatting flies.” However, the distinct impact of information about these two approaches on public perceptions of corruption across government levels remains underexplored. Drawing on a randomized survey experiment with 1,596 respondents in H province, this study reveals a phenomenon we term “hierarchical corruption perception.” Our findings indicate that information about grassroots-focused “swatting flies” efforts significantly reduces public perceptions of corruption at lower levels of government while producing mixed effects for perceived corruption at higher levels. In contrast, information about high-profile “hunting tigers” cases has limited average effects but significantly impacts individuals with lower corruption tolerance. By demonstrating that the effects of anti-corruption information depend on both the level of government involved and individual predispositions, these findings challenge conventional views on “corruption scandal fatigue” and provide important insights for designing effective, grassroots-oriented anti-corruption communication strategies.

A reinforcement learning (RL)-based automated antenna topology optimization method is proposed. The proposed framework can be divided into three phases, which are high-quality dataset construction, electromagnetic (EM) simulation acceleration, and RL-driven automated antenna topology optimization. Based on the high-quality dataset, a fully trained enhanced hybrid multilayer perceptron is proposed to replace time-consuming EM simulations. This approach allows the RL to acquire knowledge from the interaction between antenna topology and the environment quickly, reducing the optimization time cost caused by the large number of EM simulations. Additionally, two crucial components, topology bidirectional mapping strategy (TBM) and topology hierarchical analyzation strategy (THA), are introduced in this work to address the compatibility problems between ML and high-dimension antenna topology data. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is optimized. According to the measurement results, the antenna performance of gain and impedance bandwidth is improved greatly at the same time through the proposed method.

This article examines the identities of three sub-ethnic and ethnographic groups in Georgia – Adjarians, Megrelians, and Tushetians – and their relationship to the Georgian nation in political and ethnic terms. Drawing on fieldwork conducted between 2022 and 2023, the study explores how these groups navigate their distinct cultural markers, such as religion, language, and traditions, while engaging with the broader national identity. Using the theoretical framework of nationalization, the analysis explores four key themes: the salience of ethno-cultural differences, the transformation of sub-ethnic identities, the politicization of ethno-cultural markers, and the groups’ historical narratives emphasizing their contributions to Georgian-ness. The findings highlight the link between local identities and national integration. The findings contribute to broader theoretical debates on nationalization by demonstrating that the integration of sub-ethnic groups is not a unidirectional process of homogenization, but a dynamic negotiation of diversity and unity.

This article examines recent developments in three key areas of nationalism research that integrate emotions into theoretical frameworks and empirical analysis. First, it explores studies that revisit historical nation-building through the lens of the history of emotions. Second, it discusses how the “affective nationalism” literature has shifted the focus of banal nationhood reproduction from mental representations to emotions. Third, it reviews efforts to theorize the emergence of intense national emotions in certain periods and their role in political mobilization and change. The article highlights critical advancements across these areas, particularly in linking emotions to meaning through narratives, expanding research from national centers to the frontiers, and challenging the illusion of national harmony by emphasizing power dynamics and dialectical change. The conclusion suggests future research directions, including investigations of national emotions within diasporic communities and digital networks.

High-vowel laxing in Laurentian French is notoriously variable and complex: while high-vowel tenseness is categorically predictable in final syllables, speakers seemingly apply distinct combinations of optional processes in non-final syllables (see, e.g., Dumas 1987 and Poliquin 2006). The current study investigates laxing in non-final syllables with two core objectives: (a) to determine which grammars individual speakers have acquired, and (b) to elucidate whether subgroups within the community have distinct grammars as suggested by Poliquin or instead these subgroups are superficial categorisations (e.g., emerging from a shared community with wide distributions of possible weightings for constraints). The results reveal that a larger number of superficially distinct individual grammars emerge than were proposed in existing literature, but that these patterns fall on a spectrum centred on a shared community grammar. They also provide new evidence for the importance of prosody in conditioning phonological processes in this variety of French.

The term “Women of Color” (WoC) has seen a marked rise in usage, yet little is known about how it functions as a coalitional identity with political significance. I argue that WoC operates both as a descriptor and an identity. As a descriptor, it resembles a panethnic label for nonwhite women. When adopted as an identity—the focus of this study—it may carry deeper significance connected to its progressive roots. Scholars often categorize all racially diverse women as WoC based on presumed experiences of oppression. However, this assumption overlooks variation in race-gendered discrimination shaped by factors such as appearance and class. Women who are perceived as white or those with lighter skin tones, for example, may not experience racialization in the same ways as other nonwhite women. Given the label’s association with liberal political views and its emphasis on “color,” some women may choose not to adopt it or may be uncertain about their inclusion. Using 2020 CMPS data, this study builds on WoC scholarship by incorporating Asian women and compares their experiences and attitudes to those of Latina and Black women. Results show that the majority of Asian women identify as a WoC and report high levels of WoC-linked fate. Among Asian women, personal experiences with discrimination and empathy toward other marginalized groups are especially important in WoC identity formation. WoC-linked fate also demonstrates political relevance across all three groups, showing a positive relationship with support for undocumented immigrants and the #MeToo movement.

This article contends that the importance of post-biblical Jewish legal sources for the development of the case for infant baptism in England has been significantly underestimated. Focusing on the Westminster Assembly debates on baptism, it demonstrates how John Lightfoot’s interventions shaped contemporary understandings of that rite’s historicity. Lightfoot’s later work is shown to have further entrenched a conception of infant baptism as a development upon the proselyte baptism of the Jews. The study of Jewish texts thus emerges as having been an essential means of buttressing doctrine in mid- to late seventeenth-century England.

Human strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected disease of high worldwide prevalence, with considerable potential for severe, fatal outcomes in complicated cases. Studies using the rodent parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis as a model have provided valuable insights into strongyloidiasis, yet efficient, standardised methods for isolating large quantities of viable parasite eggs for biomedical research remain scarce. This study revisits and modernises the classical flotation principle, presenting a saturated-solution centrifugation protocol for egg recovery from infected clawed jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). Saturated NaCl outperformed sucrose, primarily due to enhanced egg visualisation and reduced microbial contamination, achieving mean recovery of 84.8 ± 6.7% (peaks to 94%). Key variables – including faecal suspension volume, solution concentration, reprocessing, and the NaCl gradient – were systematically optimised to maximise recovery and viability. The resulting protocol is cost-effective, rapid, and practical, enabling scalable collection of viable S. venezuelensis eggs (and likely other nematodes) for different applications, including hatching studies, larval development, microenvironmental assays, and drug screening. By integrating classical diagnostics with parametric optimisation, this study exemplifies how methodological advances preserve and renew foundational knowledge, underscoring its epistemological value in experimental parasitology.