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Museum collections represent a vast archive of archaeological objects and the excavations from which they were recovered. The research presented here stems from re-examination of spear-throwers excavated in the 1970s from Caleta Huelén 42, located on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile). Direct dates from two specimens, reported for the first time in this article, reveal that these are the oldest currently known examples of this technology in the Andes. Comparing the morphological and technological attributes of these artefacts with other known examples, the authors propose that spear-throwers and their use formed part of a shared tradition of land hunting.
What would it mean to put the ethics of war in dialogue with the experience of war? The special section that follows explores this question. Featuring contributions from scholars across a range of disciplinary and academic backgrounds, it asks what we, as scholars of ethics and international affairs, stand to learn about the ethics of war by engaging with the experience of war. What can those who have direct personal experience of armed conflict—combatants and noncombatants alike—teach ethics of war scholars about the moral issues raised by war that we might otherwise miss or fail to appreciate? And to what degree does what they have to teach us comport with, depart from, or perhaps even challenge the standard just war framework scholars employ to talk about the ethics of war? This short introductory essay frames this special section by introducing the questions it tackles and the essays that comprise it.
Two-fluid capillary flows in channels and pipes form a fundamental problem in fluid mechanics with widespread applications in physical, biological and microfluidic systems. A key phenomenon in such flows is the generation of long capsular bubbles, known as Taylor bubbles. A simple configuration that forms Taylor bubbles is coflow, where two fluids (one viscous, the other inviscid) are injected concurrently into a pipe or channel, producing a periodic pinch-off of inviscid bubbles at a regular frequency. By considering a lubrication theory for the necking region between the bubble injection nozzle and the developing Taylor bubble, we conduct a mathematical study of the formation of two-dimensional Taylor bubbles, yielding analytical insight into injection-driven pinch-off dynamics and the parametric control of its frequency. A key result is to demonstrate a quasi-static limiting theory of the necking dynamics for small capillary numbers. The theory is based on coupling an outer near-static regime of the pinching film with an apparent dynamic contact line that matches the necking zone to the film surrounding the Taylor bubble. This asymptotic structure, which becomes more refined in the limit of small capillary number, reveals a fundamental link between capillary pinch-off dynamics and the quasi-static regimes underlying spreading droplets. The theory yields a prediction for the dimensionless pinch-off time, $t_* \propto d^{7/3} / q_F^{4/3}$, where $q_F$ represents the flux of viscous fluid and $d$ the size of the capillary. The study thereby yields new mathematical understanding of flow regimes that underlie bubble generation in capillary systems from first principles, and the first step towards application of quasi-static analysis to more complex axisymmetric and three-dimensional examples of capillary pinch-off.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used to accelerate radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) studies and performance assessments of mobile networks, particularly in locations that are difficult or hazardous to access. However, a conductive carbon-fiber airframe located in the reactive near-field of a receive antenna may detune the antenna and distort local field conditions, potentially compromising far-field assumptions. This study quantitatively investigates UAV-induced measurement errors in cellular frequency bands and their dependence on antenna–frame separation. A controlled laboratory procedure compares reference measurements with UAV-mounted configurations while varying the receive antenna distance from the airframe over the 700–3500 MHz range. Results indicate that, for the examined UAV platform and antenna placements, the measured differences relative to the reference are mostly below 3 dB across the investigated frequency range. Increasing the antenna–frame separation reduces these differences by approximately 1–1.5 dB for positions beyond $4\cdot(\lambda/8)$ compared with closer positions. These findings suggest that, under controlled conditions, UAV-mounted configurations can provide sufficiently accurate results for RF-EMF and performance assessment applications. However, the results are specific to the investigated UAV platform, antenna configuration, and laboratory conditions, and cannot be directly generalized without further validation.
Building upon the theoretical investigation of fully developed porous-channel flow by Nield et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 322, 1996, 201–214), the present study examines hydrodynamically developing flow in anisotropic porous channels to better characterise realistic transport behaviour. A variational formulation for the steady incompressible Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer (DBF) equations is derived, where the Darcy, Brinkman and Forchheimer terms represent porous drag, viscous shear effects and nonlinear inertial resistance, respectively. The existence and uniqueness of solution are established using the Browder–Minty theorem together with the inf-sup condition to ensure the uniqueness of the pressure field. The porous medium is represented through a spatially varying anisotropic permeability tensor to account for directional resistance effects. A physics-informed neural network (PINN) framework using feed-forward deep neural networks (DNNs) is employed to solve the coupled nonlinear DBF equations solely from the governing equations and boundary conditions, without the need for external simulation or experimental data. Results indicate that lower anisotropic permeability ratios enhance both axial and transverse velocity components, whereas increasing the Darcy number substantially reduces pressure drop due to weakened porous resistance. The proposed framework provides an effective approach for modelling anisotropic porous-medium flows relevant to subsurface transport, filtration, biomedical devices and energy-storage systems.
In this editorial, I examine the parallels between conventional and assisted suicide. Psychedelic therapy has been shown to alleviate end-of-life distress and reduce suicidality. I advocate for rescheduling psychedelics to enable research into their effectiveness as an adjunct to palliative care, prior to institutionalising assisted suicide in the UK.
We use the relation obtained by Guillarmou and Guillopé [‘The determinant of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for surfaces with boundary’, Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN2007(22) (2007), Article no. rnm099] and Chang and González [‘Fractional Laplacian in conformal geometry’, Adv. Math.226(2) (2011), 1410–1432], between the generalised eigenvalue problem for asymptotically hyperbolic (AH) manifolds and the conformal Laplacian, to obtain a new inverse scattering result: on an AH manifold of dimension $n+1$ with constant scalar curvature $-n(n+1)$, the scattering matrix at energy $(n+1)/2$ determines the jet of the metric on the boundary, up to a diffeomorphism and conformal factor.
This article investigates how Kurdish identity is performed, contested, and negotiated within Turkey’s stand-up comedy scene, a space increasingly marked by ethnic visibility and political ambivalence. Based on 15 in-depth interviews with professional Kurdish and Turkish comedians, the study explores how humor functions as both a site of cultural representation and a mechanism of racialized hierarchy. The recurring stage phrase “Hello, I am Kurdish” is examined not merely as comic material but as a loaded utterance that reflects deep-seated societal prejudices and the historical suppression of Kurdish identity. While humor enables a partial reappropriation of stigma and offers potential for subversion, it also risks reinforcing entrenched stereotypes through self-deprecation and audience validation. This article highlights the ambivalent role of ethnic humor: it can simultaneously serve as a language of resistance and as a tool of conformity. The findings suggest that the transformative potential of stand-up comedy is constrained by classed and racialized dynamics within Turkey’s public sphere. Ultimately, the study contributes to critical debates on race, ethnicity, and cultural performance by demonstrating how ethnic humor reflects broader power structures and offers insight into minority subjectivities under authoritarian conditions.
This paper puts family policy under the spotlight. It develops a theoretical framework that treats family policy as concerned with three sets of relationships: between the family and the state, between the family and the economy, and between the family and society. It then applies this framework to the UK. The analyses of the policies of the New Labour and Conservative governments confirm how profoundly the family has figured in UK social policy over the last 30 years. The respective approaches were quite different, though: New Labour favoured a universalist approach and used family policy for economic redistributive as well as social purposes, whereas the Conservatives generally eschewed significant redistribution and made ‘problem families’ the focus of (intensive and generally negative) policy intervention while aiming for relative autonomy for families more broadly. In thinking about why the current Labour government has struggled to make any real momentum in family policy, the framework directs attention to their moral ambiguity on what individuals and families deserve in support from the state, together with their ambivalence on redistribution. As a result, the Conservatives’ version of family policy remains largely in place.
This article examines the proliferation of decolonial rhetoric in the digital sphere in the articulation of ethnic minority rights in Russia following the 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Based on an analysis of diaspora discourses, it identifies three clusters: ethno-political self-determination, which reframes Soviet-era minority nationalism in the language of decolonization; indigeneity-centered cultural discourse, which foregrounds ecological, epistemic, and linguistic struggles; and Islamic epistemic discourse, which advances religiously grounded alternatives to liberal-secular modernity. Although these clusters diverge in their political imaginaries and epistemic orientations, all engage – albeit in different ways – with the legacies of imperial and Soviet systems of minority governance, while operating within transnational networks shaped by exile and mediated through digital environments. By situating these discourses within a semi-peripheral positionality – as activist discourses navigate both Russian and Western imperial legacies – the article argues that contemporary decolonial rhetoric is neither monolithic nor inherently emancipatory. Rather, it can be used to challenge certain inherited hierarchies while leaving others intact or creating new ones.
Vivienne Wee’s paper discusses how the Orang Laut of the past were part of the premodern kingdoms of Melaka and Johor-Riau. The earliest stone inscriptions containing the term hulun haji were possibly replaced by the 15th century term, hamba raja (ruler’s slaves). The premodern kingdoms benefitted from the Orang Laut, who supplied valuable trade goods from land and sea, enabling these kingdoms to participate in seaborne trade with China and other premodern states. In return for the ruler’s protection, the hamba raja had to perform kerahan (corvée) for him, which was a means of differentiating groups. The premodern state thereby hierarchised the hamba raja, ranking the different groups one above another. They were also sedentarised so that they could be found by the authorities of the premodern state. Some present-day Orang Laut remember this hierarchised past and dispute their relative ranking in terms of ancestral relations to the premodern state. At present, conversion to Islam offers a mode of hierarchisation with converts to Islam claiming superiority to non-Muslim Orang Laut. Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia does not treat present-day Orang Laut as equals of urban citizens because they are stigmatised as unemployed wage workers.
Regulatory and contractual constraints on individual exposures are standard in insurance and reinsurance markets, but a poorly designed constraint can distort the economic incentives of risk-averse agents. In the unconstrained problem, the classical comonotonic improvement theorem guarantees Pareto-optimal allocations that are nondecreasing in the aggregate loss. A constraint that is not stable under risk reduction can destroy this property. We show by example that Value-at-Risk caps lead to optimal allocations that are non-comonotonic in the aggregate loss. We identify componentwise convex-order solidity as a sufficient condition on the feasible set that restores the comonotonic improvement under constraints. If replacing any agent’s allocation by a less risky one preserves feasibility, then every feasible allocation admits a feasible comonotonic improvement for all convex-order-consistent preferences. This criterion covers many constraints typical in risk management but excludes Value-at-Risk caps and idiosyncratic deductibles. We illustrate the implications of our main result in a mean-variance risk-sharing application.
From 2022–2025, the Curaçao Cultural Landscape Project conducted archaeological and palaeoecological investigations of Rif Sint Marie and Jan Thiel, Curaçao, to reconstruct long-term landscape history. Results reveal a 5700-year settlement history, strategic adaptations enacted by diverse cultural groups and the legacy of past human activities within the contemporary landscape.
This article advances a functionalist account of practice-dependent principles of justice. It argues that existing practice-dependent approaches fail to explain how practices can enter into the justification of principles of justice. By understanding principles of justice as social rules that respond to the structural needs of social cooperation, the article shows how those needs constrain which higher-order moral principles can appropriately justify such principles. Justice is thus understood as internal to social practice rather than an external moral ideal. This functionalist approach supports the priority of politics over morality and provides a more realistic foundation for theorizing justice.
Single-use supplies stored in bedside supply carts with paper packaging cannot be wiped with disinfectants. We aimed to determine the prevalence of pathogens on these unused supplies.
Design:
Prospective study over 7 weeks in 2025.
Setting:
Two pediatric ICUs at a university affiliated children’s hospital.
Patients:
The unit of analysis was the bedside supply cart from each discharged ICU patient.
Interventions:
One swab was used to swab three supply items contained in a single drawer in a room’s bedside cart. Carts had two drawers sampled, each with a swab for bacterial culture and respiratory viral nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT).
Results:
Paper-packaged supply items (n = 840) from 70 consecutive bedside carts were swabbed after patient discharge. All bacterial swabs had no growth of pathogen [0/140 (0%), 95% CI 0%, 2.3%)]. A non-pathogen was cultured from 8/140 (5.7%) swabs [7/70 (10.0%) carts], most with scant growth [7/8 (87.5%) only one colony]. Non-pathogens (common commensal skin and oral flora) included coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 5), Actinomyces oris (n = 1), aerobic spore-forming Bacillus (n = 1), and viridans group streptococcus [non-anginosus] (n = 1). Of viral swabs, 3/140 (2.1%, 95% CI 0.5%, 6.4%) were NAAT positive (3/70 (4.3%) carts). Room isolation status, length of stay, and ICU were not associated with a positive bacterial or viral swab.
Conclusions:
Bacterial pathogen detection on supplies, a necessary step in transmission, was extremely low. Viral NAAT detection on supplies was low and likely exaggerated the risk of fomite transmission, as whether there was viable virus at sufficient concentration to transmit infection is unknown.