Half a century ago, Martin Shapiro discovered that European constitutional scholarship was stuck at a stage of ‘constitutional law without politics’, presenting the EU ‘as a juristic idea; the written constitution as a sacred text; the professional commentary as a legal truth; the case law as the inevitable working out of the … constitutional text; and the constitutional court as the disembodied voice of right reason’. Recent efforts to doctrinally construct the values in Article 2 TEU show that the mistakes identified by Shapiro persist to this day. This article examines the proposals for constructing Article 2 TEU by Armin von Bogdandy and Dimitri Spieker, and offers three criticisms: First, their doctrinal constructivism is ill-suited to constitutional reasoning. Second, their reasoning has evolved in a way that their work has become self-contradictory. Third and most importantly, especially due to the evolution of their thinking, their scholarship amounts to constitutionalism without principle. Not only does their work lack consistent principled foundations, it also neglects the principled choices underlying EU constitutional law. Moreover, as they do not maintain any critical distance to the CJEU, their work does not offer a principled basis for evaluating its case law. Finally, and most critically, the principles informing their arguments produce an increasingly undemocratic and unconstitutional view of EU law. To address these deficits, I revisit the call for a more contextualised study of European law made by its earliest proponents four decades ago, and demonstrate its continued relevance. Rather than pursuing institution building, EU constitutional scholarship should examine and critically interrogate the socio-political choices underlying the evolution of EU constitutional law.

Translating scientific discoveries in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE/RM) into clinically adopted therapies is hindered by fragmented development pipelines, regulatory and manufacturing challenges, and limited funding. Despite substantial investment by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), few NIH-funded TE/RM projects achieve commercialization or regulatory approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. The gap between academic innovation and clinical implementation is particularly evident in the dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) domain, where market and reimbursement constraints further restrict translation. To address these barriers, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research established the Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration Consortium (DOCTRC), comprising two nationwide Resource Centers tasked with guiding promising technologies from universities and small businesses through preclinical validation toward clinical adoption. This translational science case study outlines DOCTRC’s translational model, highlighting lessons learned from five cohorts of interdisciplinary translational project teams, strategies for navigating manufacturing and regulatory pathways, and approaches for aligning academic innovation with clinical and market needs. The unique impact of the DOCTRC framework demonstrates how disciplined product development activities, non-dilutive funding mechanisms, and a comprehensive support ecosystem can accelerate technology translation, offering a scalable model for other biomedical fields.

Sexual dimorphism, a widespread phenomenon, has been extensively researched in extant and fossil crustaceans. However, identifying sexual dimorphism in phyllocarid fossils preserved as isolated parts is often challenging, except in cases where the specimens are exceptionally well preserved, including those with soft tissues. This study proposes a novel approach by introducing the use of geometric morphometric techniques to identify sexual dimorphism in phyllocarid fossils based on carapace morphology. It presents a comprehensive re-analysis of Soomicaris ordosensis Liu et al., 2023a, carapaces from the Upper Ordovician in North China and Tarim Plates. Elliptic Fourier analysis was applied to quantify the size and shape variation in nearly 100 specimens. The results demonstrate the presence of significant sexual dimorphism in the length and shape of the S. ordosensis carapace. The carapace shape exhibited variation between the sexes: the posterodorsal margin of one group of carapaces gradually extends backward to form a posterodorsal spine; the carapaces of the other group have a convex posterior margin and lack a posterodorsal spine. Additionally, both types manifest an overall allometric growth pattern, albeit with distinct growth coefficients. Furthermore, the observed approximately 1:1 ratio between the two forms suggests that the population of S. ordosensis may have exhibited a dioecious mating system. Geometric morphometrics are a highly effective method for elucidating the subtle variations in the carapace morphology of S. ordosensis, thereby underscoring the cryptic dimorphism characteristics of fossil animals. This finding offers the first indirect evidence for egg-brooding behavior within the extinct order Archaeostraca.

This paper analyses some connectives introduced by Stephen Read, known as ‘Bullet connectives’. From the proof-theoretic semantics perspective, these connectives satisfy the requirement of harmony; however, they allow for the looping derivation of a contradiction. Namely, when the operation of detour reduction is applied to such a derivation, it leads to a non-terminating phenomenon. By appealing to Prawtiz’s notion of validity, we argue that such connectives cannot be considered as logical ones. Still, it is possible to assign a computational meaning to such connectives, as several useful computation properties are induced by their harmonious behaviour. In particular, we show that a fixed point operator can be defined by using the rules of a generalised version of the Bullet connectives. Such a generalisation is an instance of (non-terminating) recursive types. Finally, we show that type-free (i.e., untyped) lambda-calculus is interpretable in simply typed lambda-calculus extended with yet another variant of the Bullet connectives, and that the introduction rules of the Bullet connectives are interpretable by Nakano’s modality in typed lambda-calculus. We conclude that such a computational interpretation of the Bullet connectives is possible only if we separate the notion of types from that of propositions, which are meaningful and assertible linguistic entities (in fact, it is larger). Therefore, the computational interpretation we propose cannot be considered an instance of the Curry–Howard correspondence between propositions and types, and between proofs and programs.

Encouraging children’s sympathy (i.e., concern for others) across an array of social contexts is important for strengthening their prosocial responses to conflict and reducing aggression. We examined Canadian children’s (6, 9, and 12 years; N = 186; 50% girls and 50% boys) situational sympathetic responding following harm to victims, and how sympathy across contexts was linked to their aggressive behaviors (beyond dispositional sympathy). Children’s situational sympathy (sadness supported by moral reasoning) was measured in response to (un)provoked harm to hypothetical peers in vignettes. Parents reported on children’s proactive and reactive aggression. We also measured children’s dispositional sympathy via child- and parent-reports. Results showed that children felt stronger situational sympathy for victims of unprovoked harm than provoked harm, and only sympathy following unprovoked harm showed age-related increases. Above and beyond dispositional sympathy, lower situational sympathy in response to provoked harm was associated with higher reactive aggression. These findings demonstrate that children’s sympathy is dampened by a victim’s prior negative behavior – an emotional blunting effect that may have implications for their own retaliatory behavior.

The Radio Neutrino Observatory-Greenland (RNO-G, at Summit Station) experiment comprises an extensive fat-dipole antenna array deployed into ice boreholes over an eventual area of approximately 35 km2. Since the RNO-G experimental sensitivity depends on the radio-frequency properties of the firn, which are known to vary laterally on sub-km distance scales and vertically on sub-meter distance scales, a technique for quickly extracting information on firn ice properties with depth ($n(z)$) during drilling and deployment is desirable. Given that a dipole’s resonant wavelength is fixed by geometry, the resonant frequency $f_{res}$ (measured as an S-parameter reflection coefficient [‘$S_{11}$’] minimum) scales inversely with the local refractive index, allowing a translation of a depth-dependent $S_{11}$(z) profile into $n(z)$. $S_{11}$(z) data were initially taken in August 2024 using a dipole lowered into a newly drilled 98 ± 1 mm diameter, 350 m deep borehole at Summit Station, Greenland, approximately 1 km from the site of the original GISP-2 core; improved measurements were subsequently made in May 2025. We conclude that $S_{11}$(z) data can be used to estimate $n(z)$, on 50 cm vertical scales, at the per cent level of accuracy required by experiments such as RN0-G.

Recent scholarship has emphasized methodological innovations to mitigate preference falsification in public opinion data, yet systematic scrutiny of bias in regression analyses remains limited. Drawing on analyses of political trust in China, we offer three key insights. First, determining the direction of social desirability bias in regression estimates—whether over- or underestimation—is challenging ex ante. Second, analyses of two nationally representative Chinese surveys, one incorporating a list experiment, cast doubt on the purported positive effect of social welfare expansion on political trust. Extending beyond social welfare and the Chinese case, we find similar biases when regressions rely on direct questions. Third, we show that certain identification strategies can partially mitigate regression bias when direct questions are unavoidable.

This study investigates the long-term associations between a childhood allowance (parental pocket money) and financial literacy, monetary attitudes, and time-discounting preferences in adulthood, with a specific focus on gender differences, using survey data from Japan. Gender factor analyses were conducted to identify common factors in psychological attitudes toward money. Subsequently, we estimated the relationship between childhood allowance and these factors, as well as the time-discounting preference and financial literacy by gender. Interaction terms between allowance types and gender were included to examine heterogeneous associations. Our findings reveal that regular monthly allowances are associated with good budgeting habits among males, whereas females receiving any form of allowance tend to have less negative attitudes toward money. Furthermore, the relationship between a childhood allowance and time-discounting preferences varies by gender, with females being more affected by the allowance. Additionally, the association between childhood allowance and financial literacy differs by gender and varies depending on how the allowance is received. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering childhood financial experiences to understand financial behaviors and attitudes.

The transient response of an ice shelf to an incident wave packet from the open ocean is studied with a model that allows for extensional waves in the ice shelf, in addition to the standard flexural waves. Results are given for strains imposed on the ice shelf by the incident packet, over a range of peak periods in the swell regime and a range of packet widths. In spite of large differences in speeds of the extensional and flexural waves, it is shown that there is generally an interval of time during which they interact, and the coherent phases of the interactions generate the greatest ice shelf strain magnitudes. The findings indicate that incorporating extensional waves into models is potentially important for predicting the response of Antarctic ice shelves to swell, in support of previous findings based on frequency-domain analysis.

This article examines Israeli juvenile courts as sites where poverty is present yet systematically denied as a cause of child neglect. Drawing on focused ethnographic observations, I show how factual reports routinely document material deprivation—housing shortages, lack of food, utilities cutoffs—yet court actors reject poverty as a legitimate explanation for neglect. Instead, they insist that “good parents” should be able to cope with scarcity, thereby displacing structural conditions onto individualized parental failure. I frame this configuration as part of “criministrative law”: an administrative forum that adopts criminal-style rituals of blame and correction while deferring to welfare agencies, leaving families without the protections of either criminal or administrative law. This criministrative denial of poverty produces epistemic marginalization of parents and legitimates punitive interventions. As a normative remedy, I propose adapting the poverty-aware paradigm from social work to law, reframing protection as solidarity rather than surveillance.

In 2019 we published the extensive review paper ‘Petawatt and exawatt class lasers worldwide’ in High Power Laser Science and Engineering. We are delighted that the review has achieved over 1000 citations on Google Scholar and over 750 on Web of Science. We take this opportunity to reflect on the current state of the field.

This comment examines the rapidly evolving ecosystem of historical research data in the United Kingdom, where cultural heritage collections are increasingly digitised, commercialised and fragmented. Historians face growing challenges in discovering, accessing and reusing data as resources move behind paywalls, and repositories remain scattered, without a national infrastructure to ensure long-term preservation or discoverability. Drawing on examples from major digital initiatives, we analyse the life cycle of historical research data and highlight the complex interplay of commercial, institutional and scholarly interests that shape access. We distinguish three types of data that emerge from historians’ typical engagements with digitised collections: derived, enhanced and aggregated data. We argue that historians must actively participate in the practices relating to the creation, maintenance and reuse of such data. This will involve new forms of citation, favouring open datasets, improving digital skills and building communities around shared resources. The comment concludes with proposals to improve discoverability, sustainability and reuse, urging the discipline to establish common standards and infrastructures to secure an equitable data commons for future research.

This commentary is part of a series of responses to Michele Goodwin’s 2025 LSA presidential address.

Distributed ledgers, including blockchain and other decentralized databases, are designed to store information online where all trusted network members can update the data with transparency. The dynamics of a ledger’s development can be mathematically represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG). In this paper, we study a DAG model that considers batch arrivals and random delay of attachment. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of this model by letting the arrival rate go to infinity and the inter-arrival time go to zero. We establish that the number of leaves in the DAG, as well as various random variables characterizing the vertices in the DAG, can be approximated by its fluid limit, represented as the solution to a set of delayed partial differential equations. Furthermore, we establish the stable state of this fluid limit and validate our findings through simulations.