Patagonia Icefields are large ice masses with a significant contribution to sea level rise among mountain glaciers in the Southern Hemisphere. In order to improve the estimation of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) surface mass balance and to better understand its relationship with climate variables and modes, we simulated the surface mass balance over the icefield during the period 1980–2014 with the MAR model. Model reliability was assessed against: weather stations, albedo from MODIS data and previous estimates of the San Rafael glacier’s surface mass balance. We obtain a surface mass balance of –2.48 ± 1.86 Gta–1 and a non-significant trend. Temperature (a physically downscaled variable) was a key variable through its direct impact on melting, but also on solid precipitation. We found that the annual, spring and autumn icefield mean surface mass balance had a significant negative correlation with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) through air temperature. Over the next century, the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions are projected to keep the SAM in a positive phase and accelerate atmospheric warming. Thus, the NPI is expected to increase its mass loss and its contribution to future sea level rise. However, more in-situ data (precipitation, temperature and accumulation/ablation on the icefield) are needed to improve the projection’s uncertainty.

Unlike existing studies on labour and income in the digital era, this paper argues not only that the impact of the digital economy’s intervention in the labour process is fragmented rather than comprehensive, but also that the transformation of job demand and labour supply behaviours is simultaneous and related to the attributes of the industries in which they operate. Drawing on the conventional biased technological progress hypothesis and labour process theory, we argue that the digital economy has generally increased the labour income inequality for migrant workers in China. Using geospatially matched China Labour Dynamics Survey 2018 microdata and provincial digitalisation indices, we uncover a digital ‘upgrading trap’: the development of the digital economy hides the process of inequality formation in the hedging relationship between objective labour demand ‘upgrading’ and subjective labour supply ‘expanding’. The former can be summarised as the risk of ‘no job’ and the latter as the risk of ‘no way back’. Counterintuitively, consumer Internet development demonstrates a greater role in both reducing workers’ inequality in secondary labour markets and promoting a fair primary distribution. These findings reconceptualise digital inequality as coevolutionary outcomes, and offer a tripartite governance way for inclusive growth through portable skill certification, algorithmic accountability mechanisms, and interoperable social security systems.

Centromeres are chromosomal loci essential for the correct segregation of genetic material during cell division. Defects in centromere function can lead to aneuploidy and cancer. During early embryonic development in mammals, prior to the first cell division, male and female genomes are separated in pronuclei located at the centre of the zygote. Parental chromatin clusters at the interface between the two pronuclei and this clustering step is critical to avoid aneuploidy in human and bovine zygotes. Yet, despite their essential function in chromosome segregation, the position and spatial organization of centromeres during the first cell cycle in mammals is mostly unknown. Previous studies conducted in bovine embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) showed that cell cycle progression impacts on the success rate of blastocyst formation. Specifically, embryos that entered earliest into S-phase or the earliest cleaving embryos were more likely to develop into blastocysts. To determine the precise timing of these events we performed a detailed characterization of key phases of the first cell cycle in bovine zygotes derived from IVF. In parallel we examined the spatial positioning of centromeres. We identify 20 h post insemination (hpi) as the timepoint when male and female pronuclei are juxtaposed and are completing S-phase. At this timepoint, we show that centromeres are positioned distal to the pronuclear interface and use super resolution microscopy to demonstrate extensive centromere clustering into chromocentres. Our results identify distinct nuclear features observed at 20 hpi, which may serve as cell cycle markers in determining successful bovine IVF.

Health policy reforms often fail due to design flaws, implementation gaps, and political barriers. This paper examines the role of government stewardship in addressing these barriers drawing on lessons from healthcare reforms in Sanming, China, a city that has become a nationally recognised model for comprehensive health system reform. Employing a qualitative approach, the analysis traces how six core stewardship functions – strategic visioning, institutional alignment, instrument design, partnership management, accountability reinforcement, and learning facilitation – enabled Sanming’s government to control costs and improve service delivery and health outcomes. Sanming’s experience illustrates the potential for local government stewardship to catalyse reform in the face of constraints. Interviews indicated that strengthened stewardship enabled the government to set strategic direction for the health system, mobilise stakeholders, formulate workable policies, and adapt to changing needs during implementation. However, participants identified persistent challenges, including uneven distribution of capacity across agencies, changes in the external policy environment, and deficient stakeholder feedback loops. While specific to the local context, the core stewardship competencies identified in the paper offer a generalisable framework for strengthening reform governance in other settings. As countries seek to build resilient and equitable health systems, the lessons from Sanming’s stewardship model provide a timely contribution to the global health reform discourse.

Legitimizing property rights over the resources that participants use in dictator and ultimatum games has been shown to significantly alter behavior. However, a similar impact has not been observed in public good experiments. We employ an interior public good design with thirty periods of peer punishment, which allows groups to choose between plausible contribution norms without conflicting with efficiency. Across our Unearned and Earned treatments, endowments are randomly allocated or earned through a real effort task. In Unearned, both High and Low types adhere to a norm of contributing an equal proportion of one’s endowment. In contrast, in Earned, only Low types adhere to the proportional contribution norm, while High types contribute less than an equal proportion. Notably, deviations from the proportional contribution by High types are punished significantly less in Earned, suggesting a greater tolerance to such deviations when property rights are earned.

Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function may underlie the relation between childhood maltreatment and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors. This study examined how co-occurring patterns of maltreatment types influenced adolescent NSSI behaviors and the mediating role of diurnal cortisol, using a longitudinal design. The sample included 295 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 10.79 years, SD = 0.84 years; 67.1% boys). The study employed latent profile analysis to identify childhood maltreatment patterns and conducted path analysis to examine the mediating mechanism. Four maltreatment patterns were identified: Low Maltreatment (67.8%), High Neglect (15.6%), Moderate Maltreatment (10.2%), and High Abuse with Moderate Neglect (6.4%). Furthermore, compared to the Low Maltreatment profile, adolescents in the High Neglect profile were at increased risk for later NSSI behaviors through higher waking cortisol levels, while those in the High Abuse with Moderate Neglect profile were at increased risk through a steeper diurnal slope. Disturbances in diurnal cortisol rhythm serve as a pathway through which childhood maltreatment “gets under the skin” to lead to adolescent NSSI behaviors. These findings offer promise for identifying maltreated youth at risk for NSSI behaviors and informing targeted prevention strategies.

Why does collaboration among competitors persist as industries mature? Standard models predict it will fade with formal governance and rivalry, yet in some sectors, it becomes a stable norm. Using a Veblenian Original Institutional Economics (OIE) lens, this paper develops a four-stage heuristic linking evolving uncertainty (radical, relational, coordination, durability) to distinct coordination logics. A mixed-methods study of the U.S. artisanal cheese industry (1975–2018) shows that collaboration became institutionalised through habituated practice, identity alignment, and moral commitment, later layered with formal supports. The framework clarifies how OIE best explains norm emergence and reproduction, while New Institutional Economics (NIE) helps account for codifying and scaling already-institutionalised norms. Quantitatively, peer networks shifted toward higher clustering and greater geographic localisation; qualitatively, mentorship and open exchange sedimented into professional expectations. Collaboration endures because it is morally meaningful, identity-affirming, and institutionally reproduced. Efficiency benefits may follow, but they do not explain its origin or persistence.

Understanding what happened after the collapse of and dating the different reoccupations of Teotihuacan can be challenging due to different factors, including the reuse of building materials and looting during Postclassic and modern times, which resulted in altered archaeological contexts or significant inbuilt ages for the samples. A Bayesian approach integrating radiocarbon ages and detailed archaeological information can help to overcome these difficulties. In this contribution we present the process of building a high-resolution chronology for the tunnels located to the east of the Pyramid of the Sun (excavated by Linda R. Manzanilla from 1993 to 1996) by the integration of 20 radiocarbon ages from Cueva del Pirul and Cueva de las Varillas with detailed archaeological information on the context for each dated sample, including ceramic style. With the resulting chronology it is possible to distinguish the moment of the different occupations during the Epiclassic and Postclassic times, helping to refine chronologies based on ceramic styles and to understand the population dynamics in the area.

This study explores the soundscapes of the Greek National Schism (1915–1922), focusing on the Venizelist victory celebrations of 14–15 September 1920. It examines how curated soundscapes were employed as political tools to reinforce national unity and suppress dissent, while counter-soundscapes offered avenues for resistance. Using press narratives as “earwitness” accounts, the research reconstructs auditory practices that shaped political narratives and collective memory. Bridging ethnomusicology, historical sound studies, and political history, this analysis highlights the performative nature of soundscapes in mediating power dynamics, especially amidst civil conflicts and calls for further cross-cultural studies into music’s role in societal transformation.

Fences are increasingly fragmenting landscapes and curtailing the movement of terrestrial wildlife. In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, where herbivores rely on movement to access patchily distributed resources, fences may cause behavioural changes with consequences for energy balance and fitness. Here, we investigate the fine-scale behavioural responses of the highly mobile springbok antelope (Antidorcas marsupialis) to encounters with a veterinary cordon fence in northern Namibia. Using supervised machine learning on tri-axial accelerometer data from collared individuals, we trained a classifier capable of identifying 12 behavioural categories with up to 91% accuracy. Applying this model to over 29,000 accelerometer records from eight free-ranging springbok, we examined behaviour in relation to fence encounters. We found significant changes in behaviour in response to fences, which depended on whether the fence was successfully crossed or not. Fence crossings were associated with shifts from grazing to browsing during crossings, as well as increased walking during and after crossings, suggesting altered foraging and increased movement. Behavioural changes were less pronounced in the case of non-crossing encounters. Our results show how accelerometry can reveal behavioural responses to anthropogenic barriers and emphasise the importance of maintaining ecological connectivity for migratory ungulates.

In an article published in BJPsych Open, a study by Fleetwood and colleagues used Scottish administrative registers to show that not only have people with severe mental illnesses a profoundly reduced average life expectancy compared with the general population, but that the life expectancy gap had been further widening for those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder over the past 20 years. This study has substantial clinical and public health importance, providing robust evidence to help in evaluation and planning of healthcare services in Scotland. Furthermore, this work raises important questions concerning the study of premature mortality in people with mental disorders per se, as well as the utility of administrative registers to study this phenomenon, which we highlight in this Editorial.

The democratic backsliding literature sees reactionary shifts among the electorates of mature democracies as a reason for the rise of right-wing populism (RWP)—shifts that supposedly fuel citizens’ distrust in democratic institutions and their readiness to support RWP in its efforts to cut back on democracy’s liberal principles. However, the assumptions underlying this democracy falling narrative are more often stated than tested. Filling this void, we analyze data from the European Values Study/World Values Surveys in a cross-national longitudinal design amended by multilevel evidence, covering all EU countries surveyed at two distant timepoints over the past twenty to twenty-five years. We test whether reactionary shifts among socio-economically vulnerable electoral segments increased polarization over four ideological cleavages: right-vs-left on economic issues, nativism-vs-cosmopolitanism on immigration issues, patriarchy-vs-emancipation on sexuality issues, and economy-vs-environment on sustainability issues. Specifically, we examine whether those population segments at the reactionary end of these cleavages lost trust in democracies’ political institutions and their liberal principles in ways that increase voters’ readiness to support RWP parties. Our results provide no confirmation that polarizing shifts in the population account for RWP’s electoral rise. We conclude that the problems explaining RWP success do not originate in reactionary public opinion shifts. Instead, we propose further research into potential representation gaps with respect to nonvoter camps that grew larger during the pre-RWP era and are now mobilized by RWP parties—a game change presumably triggered by the rise of social media.

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people show different trajectories after gender transition. While some continue to transition, others detransition (DT), that is, stop or reverse the process. Both populations experience poor mental health, but no study has compared whether they have different psychological profiles and needs. This exploratory study compared TGD and DT participants in terms of psychopathological symptoms, personality variables, and the possible presence of eating disorders (ED) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A total of 29 TGD participants (M age = 28.28, 72.4% female at birth) and 21 DT participants (M age = 29.19, 66.7% female at birth) completed the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), the Sick-Control-One stone-Fat-Food (SCOFF), and the 10-item Autism Quotient (AQ-10). Of these, 28% screened positive for ED and 28% for ASD, and the percentage for ASD was higher in the DT group. TGD participants had elevated scores on borderline features and mania, whereas DT participants had elevated scores on anxiety-related disorders. The TGD group showed significantly higher scores on antisocial features, alcohol problems, and dominance, and significantly higher rates of self-harm; the DT group had significantly higher scores on phobias and significantly higher rates of social detachment. Both groups exhibited elevated scores on suicidal ideation, stress, and nonsupport. The results suggest that TGD and DT participants may have different psychological profiles, with TGD participants exhibiting more externalizing symptoms and DT participants reporting more neurodiversity and internalizing symptoms. The findings highlight common and distinct vulnerabilities and needs that should be considered in clinical practice.

The article is concerned with realizability in abstract argumentation. It provides characterization theorems for the most basic types of labelling-based semantics, namely conflict-free and naive labellings. It turns out that existing characterizations for extension-based semantics are of little help in characterizing labelling-based semantics. To this end, we introduce several new criteria like L-tightness, reject-witnessing, reject-compositionality as well as the new construct of a labelling-downward-closure, which help determine whether a given set of labellings is realizable regarding conflict-free or naive semantics. Moreover, we present standard constructions and analyse their uniqueness status. Further classical concepts like ordinary and strong equivalence are studied too. Last but not least, we delve into the characterization of stable labellings. It turns out that this endeavour is a highly non-trivial task with many parallels to so-called compact realizability, an open problem for stable semantics in abstract argumentation.

The leucite group structures are tetrahedrally coordinated silicate framework structures with some of the silicate framework cations partially replaced by divalent or trivalent cations. These structures have general formulae A2BSi5O12 and ACSi2O6, where A is a monovalent alkali metal cation, B is a divalent cation, and C is a trivalent cation. These leucites can have crystal structures in several different space groups, dependent on stoichiometry, synthesis conditions, and temperature. Phase transitions are known for temperature changes. This paper reports a high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction study on RbGaSi2O6, which shows a phase transition from I41/a tetragonal to Iad cubic on heating from room temperature to 733 K. On cooling to room temperature, the crystal structure reverts to I41/a tetragonal.

Many localities in the United States are, or have been at some point in their past, economically dependent on a single industry. This leaves local governments vulnerable to capture by dominant firms. In such places, business interests may shape not only policy outcomes, but the size, structure, and capacity of government itself. Focusing on the case of eastern coal country in the twentieth century United States, this paper presents evidence that the coal industry hindered the growth of local government capacity where it was dominant. A difference-in-differences design and instrumental variables analysis show that coal-dependent counties employed fewer public workers, collected less tax revenue, and spent less on government services than comparable areas, with the latter two effects persisting long after the industry’s decline. These findings illustrate that local political economy in the early phases of institutional development can shape the trajectories of governance in lasting ways.