Anosognosia, a term that denotes a lack of insight into one’s own condition, is a defining characteristic of many psychotic illnesses. As a result, generations of psychiatrists have pursued a paternalistic approach to care. Yet in the past century, the overall trend in patient care has been toward autonomy. What does it mean to respect the autonomy of patients whose lack of insight may bring them harm? This chapter will explore these questions through each of the four principles generally employed in bioethical analysis: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and autonomy. Each will have an illustrative case study and explore how anosognosia can further complicate already perplexing ethical scenarios.

The advent of next-generation telescope facilities brings with it an unprecedented amount of data, and the demand for effective tools to process and classify this information has become increasingly important. This work proposes a novel approach to quantify the radio galaxy morphology, through the development of a series of algorithmic metrics that can quantitatively describe the structure of radio source, and can be applied to radio images in an automatic way. These metrics are intuitive in nature and are inspired by the intrinsic structural differences observed between the existing Fanaroff-Riley (FR) morphology types. The metrics are defined in categories of asymmetry, blurriness, concentration, disorder, and elongation (ABCDE/single-lobe metrics), as well as the asymmetry and angle between lobes (source metrics). We apply these metrics to a sample of 480 sources from the Evolutionary Map of the Universe Pilot Survey (EMU-PS) and 72 well resolved extensively studied sources from An Atlas of DRAGNs, a subset of the revised Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (3CRR). We find that these metrics are relatively robust to resolution changes, independent of each other, and measure fundamentally different structural components of radio galaxy lobes. These metrics work particularly well for sources with reasonable signal-to-noise and well separated lobes. We also find that we can recover the original FR classification using probabilistic combinations of our metrics, highlighting the usefulness of our approach for future large data sets from radio sky surveys.

Behavioural status and demographic characteristics of target groups influence the implementation and effects of interventions to reduce and prevent harm. We examine the implementation of a statutory identification regime and associated monetary limit-setting in the context of electronic gambling machine gambling in Finland. Mandatory identification of players is a prerequisite for various policy measures aimed at preventing and reducing gambling harms. We use a large account-based dataset (N = 28,351) from the state gambling monopoly to examine behavioural differences between those who identified voluntarily before and those who did so only after identification became mandatory. The identification regime was implemented in steps. Consequently, we defined player groups based on different implementation phases. We compare these groups in terms of demographic variables and consumption patterns. Results show that those who identified for the first time only after identification became mandatory experienced the highest average losses. Mandatory loss limits were associated with a clear reduction in overall consumption across all three groups. We conclude that when implementing harm prevention policies, it is important to consider differences across gambler groups. Furthermore, preventive policies need to be rules-based. Voluntary measures, although favoured and actively lobbied by the gambling industry, are not as effective.

The ban on antibiotics as feed additives requires modern intensive farming with more comprehensive diseases control approaches. Currently, synbiotics serve as promising alternatives to enhance growth performance and improve health in the poultry industry. In this research, we investigated beneficial effects of Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) with its combination of gluco-oligosaccharides (GlcOS) supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers. A total of 900 1-day-old male Lingnan yellow-feather broilers were randomly allocated into the control group (CON group, and two experimental groups feeding basal diet supplementing LR (LR group) and its combination with GlcOS (RG group), respectively. The findings indicated beneficial effects of growth performance in experimental groups (LR and RG groups), as evidenced by decreasing the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) in both experimental groups (P < 0.05) and increasing the average daily gain (ADG) in the RG group (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, both experimental groups increased the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the RG group showed increased activity of digestive enzymes (P < 0.05) and upregulated mRNA expression of tight junction protein and transportation protein (P < 0.05), while decreased the serum levels of d-lactic acid and diamine oxidase (P < 0.05), suggesting the improvement of the nutrient digestion and absorption, as well as the mucosal barrier integrity. Moreover, increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 (P < 0.05), leading to a finely altered gut microbiome and metabolome. Collectively, the findings of this research revealed that dietary supplemented LR and its combination with GlcOS could enhance the intestinal morphology, digestion, absorption and barrier function, and improve the cecal microbiota structure and metabolic function finally achieving the effect of improving growth performance of broilers. Overall, the effect of the combination of LR and GlcOS was synergistic, providing a future alternative to antibiotics as growth promoter.

This study examines coronavirus disease 2019-related law-drafting using Finnish data. The impact assessments of 17 government bills are analyzed using content analysis. These 17 government bills have been selected based on their societal significance and are related to restrictions on fundamental rights under the Finnish constitution. The purpose of this study is to examine how ex ante impact assessments and the planning of forthcoming implementation and ex post impact assessments have been carried out in these regulatory projects. The results indicate that, based on the ex ante assessments presented in the government bills, it is not possible to conclude that the benefits of the proposed restrictions would exceed the costs. Despite the rush, uncertainty and the incompleteness of information caused by the pandemic, the government bills should clearly justify why the presented regulation is the preferred alternative. Furthermore, the subsequent ex post impact assessment measures have been planned to produce information only about the general development of the pandemic situation instead of the functionality of individual restriction regulations. In this respect, special attention should have been paid to the individual restriction measures.

Despite the destruction it inevitably engenders and the opposition it often elicits, war remains a near-human universal. There is almost no society, across time or place, that has not experienced some form of violent conflict, whether internally or against its neighbors or adversaries. The most common explanations for the causes of war and conflict tend to center around social and material factors, such as conflicts over resources, territory, or regime type. Certainly, these factors play a role in many conflicts, but they cannot alone explain every war. Other arguments, however, drawn from evolutionary psychology and biological anthropology, based on fundamental aspects of human nature with regard to male coalitionary psychology, do posit specific sources for conflict that provide an underlying platform for its emergence and can help explain its wide variety across time and space. A comprehensive and accurate understanding of the nature of war must include these considerations.

The “home–field” dichotomy has long been a core assumption of fieldwork in political science. As in other social science disciplines, political scientists rely on these categories to contextualize our research within particular time–space nexuses and to separate our personal lives and private dwellings and institutions from our sources, participants, and broader research environments. Although the spatial, temporal, and emotional divisions between our “homes” and “fields” have always been arbitrary, they are increasingly blurred when we use remote and online methods for research, especially for qualitative studies. This article problematizes the home–field dichotomy within the context of remote and online political science field research. We contend that the overlap of our homes and fields in digital fieldwork poses different challenges for our professional boundaries than offline research, particularly in terms of separating our personal and research lives, mitigating risk, and protecting our mental health. Given the growing use of remote and online methods, we argue that the discipline of political science must account more seriously for the muddling of our homes and fields to support rigorous, transparent, and ethical empirical research.

This letter to the editor explores the importance of a just transition for waste pickers in the context of the global plastics treaty. It sets out ideas for just transition at the level of production reduction, replacements and substitutes, systems change and waste management.

A key challenge in advancing slushflow management is the limited record of past incidents. Identifying their starting points and enhancing the quality of slushflow documentation are important in order to improve the regional early warning and develop slushflow numerical runout models and susceptibility maps. Here we investigate three major slushflow events at Kistrandfjellet, northern Norway and quantify the differences between registered slushflows in the national rapid mass movement database and the actual events. We use unique image datasets from the events in February 2021, January 2023 and January 2024, and identify slushflow starting points and flow paths. The curvature of the starting point locations is examined to assess how local topography influences slushflow release at the field site. Our mapping reveals 25 slushflows across the three events, whereas only five were registered in the database. For the 2021 event, we found six times as many slushflows as were officially registered. Comparison of our mapped slushflows to modeled drainage pathways and FKB-Vann (the official surface water dataset of Norway), yielded an average overlap of 35%. To improve slushflow management, we recommend establishing a standardized protocol for future data collection.

We construct a novel family of difference-permutation operators and prove that they are diagonalized by the wreath Macdonald P-polynomials; the eigenvalues are written in terms of elementary symmetric polynomials of arbitrary degree. Our operators arise from integral formulas for the action of the horizontal Heisenberg subalgebra in the vertex representation of the corresponding quantum toroidal algebra.

Recognizing the distributed nature of agency in human–AI interactions, this article proposes a framework for examining the power dynamics that undergird the use of generative AI (GenAI) for language learning. Drawing on Darvin and Norton’s model of investment, it adopts a critical sociomaterial lens to cast a light on the entanglement of bodies, objects and discourse in these interactions, while highlighting how issues of positioning, access to resources, and ideological reproduction emerge from this perspective. Human agency both interacts with and is constrained or amplified by the functionalities of GenAI. To invest in agentive GenAI practices that enable meaningful learning and the achievement of their own intentions, learners must not only recognize the power of GenAI to steer interactions and promote specific ways of thinking, but also resist fully delegating the production of meaning and texts to technology. Cultivating critical digital literacies that recognize how power operates in human-AI interactions is integral to fostering reflexive, inclusive and equitable language learning and teaching in the age of GenAI.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, Mid-Atlantic States expanded guardianship to include habitual drunkards. Legislators in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey empowered courts to put habitual drunkards under guardianship, a legal status that stripped them of their rights to own property, enter into contracts, make wills, and, in some states, even vote. Amid the dramatic nineteenth-century expansion of male suffrage, the habitual drunkard signified a masculine failure of self-government that disqualified propertied men from the privileges of full citizenship. The struggle to define habitual drunkenness, detect the habitual drunkard, and put him under guardianship transformed the courtroom into an arena for contesting the thresholds of compulsion, policing respectable manhood, and drawing the borders of full citizenship in the nineteenth-century United States.

The Citizen Initiative (CI) in the context of the legislative process is now a common mechanism in different parts of Europe and Latin America. However, it is rarely used as a participatory formula in constitution-making processes. This article documents the case of the CI (Iniciativas Populares de Norma) in Chile’s two failed constitution-making processes between 2021 and 2023, during which more than a million people actively participated in its formulation. The Chilean case matters for comparative constitutional studies due to its innovative use of technology to advance forms of digital democracy and the demonstrable impact of the CI standards on both constitutional proposals, which were ultimately rejected in the final national referendums. We argue that despite these rejections, the CI as a participatory mechanism is likely to endure over time and in future constitution-making processes. The article provides a detailed study of the Chilean experience and seeks to draw lessons for other countries’ attempts at participatory constitutional reform.