Multivariate analysis of psychological variables using graphical models has become a standard analysis in the psychometric literature. Most cross-sectional measures are either binary or ordinal, and the methodology for inferring the structure of networks of binary and ordinal variables is developing rapidly. In practice, however, research questions often focus on whether and how networks differ between observed groups. While Bayes factor methods for inferring network structure are well established, a similar methodology for assessing group differences in networks of binary or ordinal variables is currently lacking. In this article, we extend the Bayesian framework for the analysis of ordinal Markov random fields, a network model for binary and ordinal variables, and develop Bayes factor tests for assessing parameter differences in the networks of two independent groups. The proposed methods are implemented in the R package bgms, and we use numerical illustrations to show that the implemented methods work correctly and how well the methods work compared to existing methods in situations resembling empirical research.

Anxiety about nuclear war emerged after the 1945 atomic bombings of Japan and has risen and fallen over the following decades. It is grounded in future thinking shaped by narrative form and function in policy discussions and especially in film and television. These media have repeatedly drawn on three basic narrative templates organised around three different endings: destruction, judgement, and renewal; human extinction; and permanent and irreversible societal collapse. Several film and television productions are used to illustrate the internal organisation of these narrative templates and to examine how both nuclear fear and nuclear anxiety are involved.

Linear temporal logic (LTL) offers a formal way of specifying complex objectives for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). In the presence of uncertain dynamics, the planning for an LTL objective can be solved by model-free reinforcement learning (RL). Surrogate rewards for LTL objectives are commonly utilized in model-free RL for LTL objectives. In a widely adopted surrogate reward approach, two discount factors are used to ensure that the expected return approximates the satisfaction probability of the LTL objective. The expected return then can be estimated by methods using the Bellman updates such as RL. However, the uniqueness of the solution to the Bellman equation with two discount factors has not been explicitly discussed. We demonstrate that when one of the discount factors is set to one, as allowed in many previous works, the Bellman equation may have multiple solutions, leading to an inaccurate evaluation of the expected return. To address this issue, we propose a condition that ensures the Bellman equation has the expected return as its unique solution. Specifically, we require that the solutions for states within rejecting bottom strongly connected components (BSCCs) be zero. We prove that this condition guarantees the uniqueness of the solution, first for states within BSCCs and then for remaining transient states.

Interest in the influence of subjective perceptions of social groups on political behaviour is increasing. While most extant work has focused on voters’ social identities and their related, expressive considerations about the social bases of parties, this article directs attention to two other considerations that may also influence the vote: voters’ evaluations of social groups, as suggested by reference group theory, and their instrumental considerations about the extent to which parties work to advance the interests of specific groups. Using both an observational (N = 2,065) and a preregistered experimental study (N = 7,090) about voter evaluations of social classes and the extent to which parties are seen as fighting for them in Denmark, the study shows how these considerations influence party choice over and above the influence of identity-based considerations. Thereby, the study is the first to show experimental evidence for the effect of group evaluations on vote choice.

Targeted herbicide applications have the potential to reduce herbicide use but they pose an inherent risk of missing late-season weed escapes. Furthermore, relying on targeted use of residual herbicides may increase weed emergence relative to broadcast applications. Research was conducted over a 3-yr period in Keiser, Arkansas, to compare traditional broadcast applications to targeted postemergence applications of various herbicides to soybean cultivars that are known to be resistant to glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba. The herbicide treatment protocol was consistent across treatments with a broadcast-applied preemergence residual, and a postemergence combination that included glufosinate + glyphosate + S-metolachlor followed by glufosinate + acetochlor, applied both via broadcast or targeted at the highest and lowest spray sensitivities of the John Deere See & Spray technology. The soil seedbank was similar at trial initiation across treatments, and there was no increase in the seedbank over 3 yr of broadcast and targeted applications at the highest spray sensitivity. Averaged over application timing, when herbicides were applied at the lowest spray sensitivity the weed density rose from 867 plants ha−1 to 2,870 plants ha−1 in Year 2, to 11,300 plants ha−1 in Year 3. This response is likely due to more Palmer amaranth escapes when the crop was harvested with an average of >1,000 plants ha−1 over the years compared with weed density after herbicides were applied with the highest spray sensitivity and via broadcast. Targeted applications improved profitability by reducing herbicide use and increasing application efficiency, providing an average savings of US$43.22 ha−1 to $129.19 ha−1 relative to broadcast postemergence cost of $227.22 ha−1. The area sprayed was reduced by 20% to 90%, with an average spraying at early postemergence of 41.3% and 57.9% and at mid-postemergence equaling 48.1% and 49.3% when herbicides were applied with the lowest and highest spray sensitivities, respectively. The only difference in the area sprayed between sensitivity settings occurred early postemergence. Based on the results of this experiment, producers could apply postemergence herbicides targeted to weeds that grow with soybean to increase profitability, but the lowest sensitivity resulted in unacceptable increases to the weed seedbank, which could affect management in future years.

Within the UN, there is a divide between NGO networks with differing stances on gender equality and women’s rights. Feminist and feminist-informed NGOs push for extensive women’s rights, including reproductive rights and protection against discrimination. In contrast, conservative NGOs uphold traditional gender roles and family structures, strongly opposing reproductive rights like abortion. Studies have examined these NGOs’ stances and advocacy tactics, but a detailed comparative analysis of their views of the UN – their key battleground – is missing. The paper addresses this gap by assessing how each group evaluates the UN’s legitimacy and identifying the underlying sources of legitimacy beliefs. By combining computational and qualitative text analysis, it reveals several trends: the UN is central in the discourse of both groups of NGOs, although it appears more in feminist NGOs’ communications, and feminist groups generally evaluate the UN’s legitimacy more positively. This positivity peaks when the UN actively supports feminist objectives and collaborates with these NGOs. Conservative NGOs, on the other hand, positively evaluate the UN when they can align the UN’s foundational texts with their views and when they garner support from conservative states. Their most negative evaluations occur when they believe the UN uses deception to promote progressive policies.

Almost a decade has passed since a DEFRA consultation concluded that existing legislation governing the UK puppy trade was “outdated, inflexible, incompatible with current welfare legislation and cumbersome for both enforcers and businesses”. The rapid outgrowth of the trade’s governing legislature, fuelled by contemporary consumer culture and the high degree of trader anonymity provided by the internet, has enabled a high-volume, untraceable and profit-driven market to evolve. Increased demand for puppies, exacerbated by social media trends and the COVID-19 pandemic, is sustained by an online medium that both encourages and capitalises upon modern-day ‘click-and-collect’ purchase behaviour. Moreover, the internet has only intensified the demand for pedigree and designer crossbreeds, many of which are shown to suffer lifelong physiological disorders caused by the positive phenotyping selection necessary to achieve breed standards. These factors have made puppies an attractively lucrative, low-risk commodity. Evidence of multi-level fraud and organised crime involvement has been revealed along the supply chain, resulting in systemic canine health and welfare issues. Whilst large-scale breeding operations reportedly smuggle unvaccinated puppies onto the British market from endemic (rabies, Leishmania) countries, high densities of pet dogs in urban areas is reportedly leaving high faecal-saturation levels, spreading anthelmic- and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Meanwhile, unsafe concentrations of ectoparasiticides are detected in rivers and lakes. This review collates evidence from available sources that illustrate the current nature and impact of inadequate regulation in the UK puppy trade, aiming to support stakeholders in their efforts for essential and comprehensive regulatory reform.

Sea urchins can have considerable ecological impacts on benthic habitats through grazing and bioerosion and many are exploited as fisheries resources. Of the abundant temperate sea urchins, Centrostephanus tenuispinus is among the least studied. We determined the reproductive seasonality of C. tenuispinus off western Australia at Hall Bank where a high density (2.94 ± 0.14 individuals m−2) of small to medium size (66.23 ± 0.24 mm mean test diameter) urchins has been found to suppress macroalgae recruitment and facilitate hard coral dominance of the benthos and at Minden Reef where, typical of most reefs in the region, a low density (0.14 ± 0.01 individuals m−2), larger sized (100.69 ± 0.45 mm) population occupies a habitat dominated by dense macroalgae. Centrostephanus tenuispinus exhibited a clear synchronized annual reproductive cycle. Gametogenesis began in autumn coincident with lowering sea water temperature and decreasing day length and spawning occurred in late winter and spring. The larger urchins from Minden Reef had significantly larger gonads and a higher % GSI (percentage gonadosomatic index) value than Hall Bank Reef. % GSI increased significantly at both sites between winter and summer, but the magnitude of the increase was much greater at Minden Reef (76%) compared to Hall Bank (10%). The results indicate that both populations have the same reproductive cycle but raise questions about the relative contribution the two populations make to the reproductive output of the species in southwestern Australia.

Human eye, skin and hair color pigmentation are highly heritable traits influenced by hundreds of genetic loci. The heritability and genetic etiology of the hyperpigmentation trait pregnancy-related linea nigra (PLN), where a dark but usually temporary vertical line develops on the abdomen, is unknown, and our understanding of its relationships with other pigmentation traits is limited. We conducted a genetic study of self-reported PLN in women of European ancestry, using a genome-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) method to estimate PLN heritability, performing a genomewide association study (GWAS) to explore the genetic factors underlying PLN, and calculating polygenic risk scores (PRS) to assess whether this trait shares genetic liability with two other skin pigmentation phenotypes, skin colour and mole count. We found 35% of the variance in developing PLN was explained by common genetic variation. The GWAS revealed four genomic loci suggestively associated (p values ≤ 1 × 10-6) with PLN: rs1263154 near the UPP2 gene (p = 9.0 × 10-7), rs26331 near SEMA6A (p = 6.6 × 10-7), rs78371540 in OLFM3 (p = 5.5 × 10-7), and rs72693263 near FLRT2 (p = 1.1 × 10-7). Of these genes only OLFM3 has been previously associated with pigmentation. Our PRS results provide the first evidence that genetic factors underlying skin color and mole count also contribute to the development of PLN in women of European ancestry.

This article investigates the role of the emotional experiences of time in the constitutional debates of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. It posits temporality as a shared, collective and emotional experience, rather than an external and natural line where events develop unidirectionally. As such, temporality is proposed as a new analytical framework for exploring the shift from a past-oriented to a future-oriented constitutional theory from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Adopting this perspective, this shift in constitutionalism is framed, in part, as a response to different emotional experiences of time. Focusing on the writings of Coke in the seventeenth century, and Bentham and Godwin in the nineteenth century, this article also identifies a point of continuity between the past-oriented claims for legitimacy of the English constitution in the seventeenth century and the future-oriented ones in the nineteenth century, and indicates new paths for future investigation. Questioning the role of historicity in the legitimation of the English constitution in the seventeenth century, and the role of progress in the nineteenth century as ‘past’ and ‘future’, this article proposes to analyse these temporal categories as a qualified ‘immemorial’ past as opposed to a qualified ‘timeless’ present ruled by the steady category of progress.

We study bias in judicial authorities’ efforts to rehabilitate and reintegrate immigrant offenders into society. Our empirical strategy leverages a distinctive feature of the German criminal code: the optional application of rehabilitative juvenile criminal law or punitive general criminal law for eighteen- to twenty-year-old offenders, based on a subjective assessment of offenders’ psychological ‘maturity’ by judges. Drawing on complete records of 792,000 court hearings between 2009 and 2018, we show that immigrant offenders are about ten percentage points less likely to be sentenced under juvenile law compared to natives convicted for the same crime. The immigrant–native gap in rehabilitative justice correlates with anti-immigrant sentiment across space and has spiked in recent years, suggesting a link between the salience of group-based identities and judicial decision-making. Our findings raise concerns about equal legal treatment and highlight that biases in the application of rehabilitative justice may contribute to higher recidivism rates among immigrant offenders.

This article redefines the role of abstraction in care ethics, overturning the notion that abstraction is inherently an impersonal and distancing mechanism. By situating abstraction within the context of caring relationships it reveals how abstraction can cultivate human connection when grounded in moral motivation and contextual sensitivity. The article’s primary contribution is the introduction of two concepts: conceptual abstraction, which captures the shift from detailed specificity to broader generalizations, and contextual abstraction, which examines how abstraction either fosters closeness or creates distance in relationships. While the discussion initially focuses on the level of deliberation, the article concludes by exploring if and how abstraction can also be meaningfully employed at the level of justification.

As a plant extract, isochlorogenic acid (ICA) has attracted increasing attention due to its functions in regulating intestinal health, immunity and anti-inflammatory responses. This study utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce intestinal injury in broilers, aiming to explore the role of intestinal microbes and their metabolites in alleviating immune stress and maintaining intestinal barrier function after dietary ICA supplementation. The experiments demonstrated that under normal growth conditions, ICA significantly enhanced the average daily gain and final weight of broilers while markedly reducing the feed-to-weight ratio. Under LPS challenge, compared with the LPS treatment group, the addition of ICA to the diet significantly decreased the pH value of the ileum, markedly increased digestive enzyme activity, and elevated the content of volatile fatty acids in the chyme. Moreover, a notable rise was observed in the abundance of Streptococcus_alactolyticus, along with notable enrichment of metabolites such as L-Lysine. Changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites facilitate improvements in ileal structure, including a significant increase in villus height, mitigation of cellular vacuolization and marked upregulation of the mRNA expression of the tight junction protein Claudin-1. Simultaneously, the function of the intestinal immune barrier was strengthened, which mitigated the rise in inflammatory factor levels and the upregulation of mRNA expression in relevant signaling pathways triggered by LPS. The correlation analysis further reveals the potential associations between metabolites and specific intestinal microbiota and the relationships between metabolites and indicators reflecting intestinal barrier function, such as intestinal structure, gene expression and inflammation markers. These results indicate that ICA enhances gut barrier function and mitigates intestinal inflammation to some extent by modulating the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolites.

In 1886, a statue of Antinous, beloved of Roman Emperor Hadrian, was installed at University College London for reasons that remain unknown. Building on queer aesthetic theory, I argue that queer statues such as this can be used to transform the public spaces they adorn from sites of violence into venues for the experience of queer ecstasy. This argument builds on the iconoclastic logic of movements like Rhodes Must Fall, which insist that public statutes simultaneously do violence within our public spaces and reflect a violent politics that extends beyond them. Articulating the histories of the statues that adorn our public spaces offers the public political philosopher the opportunity to enliven these statues with an explicitly queer aesthetic capable of inspiring ecstasy among their audience. It also provides the opportunity to critique the politics responsible for eliding this queerness in the first place and making our public spaces so violent for minoritarian subjects. Exemplifying this work, I utilise Saidiya Hartman’s technique of critical fabulation to offer a narrative of Antinous distinct from the imperial rhetoric that traditionally surrounds his image, transforming his presence at University College London into something ecstatic and reclaiming the public space he adorns in the process.