How Second Languages are Learned An Introduction

The effects of age of first exposure to a second language (L2) in naturalistic and classroom settings are considered, looking at the early stages of development and when learners have achieved high levels of proficiency. The effects on the development of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon are discussed. Arguments for and against a critical period for language acquisition are reviewed. The role that aptitude for language learning plays at different ages of first exposure to an L2 is discussed. Effects on L2 learning of exposure to the L2 in traditional classrooms and immersion classrooms are compared.