In this chapter, we discuss the ideas of signal acquisition and radio-to-radio synchronization in both time and frequency. We address the critical question: Is anyone out there? We discuss the uncertainty in time and frequency alignment between radios. We introduce and analyze the performance of multiple signal acquisition techniques: energy, cross-correlation, normalized inner product, and autocovariance detectors. We develop the maximum likelihood estimators for temporal and spectral synchronization for single-carrier approaches. Finally, we also introduce a temporal synchronization approach for an OFDM symbol.
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