Control groups rule out or weaken rival hypotheses or alternative explanations of the results. The control group appropriate for an experiment depends upon precisely what the investigator is interested in concluding at the end of the investigation. No treatment, wait-list, treatment as usual, nonspecific control condition, and yoked controls were discussed. The progression of research and the different control and comparisons groups that are used were illustrated in the context of psychotherapy research. Several different treatment evaluation strategies were discussed that focused on the treatment package, extensions of the treatment, dismantling or constructing treatments, comparisons of different treatments, noninferiority of treatments, and the evaluation of moderators and mediators. These strategies convey the rich opportunities and range of questions that can guide intervention research.
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