Despite more than a century of continuous migration from China to Chile, there is little public acknowledgement of the existence of several generations of Chileans of Chinese descent. A Chinese presence in Chile dates back to the late 19th century, with the arrival of Cantonese men who worked in guano mining and agriculture in South America. Based on an ethnographic study of diverse Chileans of Chinese descent based in northern and central Chile, this article illuminates the factors conditioning the contemporary desire of some Chileans to claim a Chinese ancestry that their parents or grandparents sought to deny or downplay. We show how they employ history and temporal distance to articulate a specific sense of Chineseness that legitimates their territorial and national belonging to Chile while at the same time excluding contemporary Chinese migrants. A historical and ethnographic analysis of Chinese racialization in Chile contributes to our understanding of how racial categories are reproduced, transformed and refracted over time.

This article uses youth soccer in Georgia, a state traditionally dominated by American football, as a case study of the challenges of the American youth sports system as a mechanism for talent development. We trace the historical divergence of US youth sports from global models, emphasizing the inefficiencies of school-based athletics and the rise of privatized club systems. Through historical analysis and interviews, the study reveals how socioeconomic barriers, geographic disparities, and competing league structures hinder equitable access and talent development. The pay-to-play model exacerbates exclusion, particularly for minority and low-income families. Georgia’s case reflects broader national trends, where market-driven youth sports systems prioritize elite experiences over inclusive development.

This study aims to examine the role of early signing input on the robust reliance on ASL basic word order by deaf adult ASL signers who are exposed to different types of signing (ASL versus signing systems, SS) by early childhood. We used a sentence-picture matching task involving transitive ASL sentences in subject–verb–object order with consistent or conflicting animacy cues. All signers with early ASL input (12 native signers, 12 non-native signers with early ASL) showed robust reliance on ASL word order and good bilingual skills, while 37.5% (6/16) non-native signers with early exposure to SS showed a weak representation of ASL basic word order along with lower bilingual proficiency. These results suggest that the critical period effects for syntactic development are not limited to severe deprivation but can also manifest when early language is insufficient. Early, rich, and consistent language input during early childhood is required for syntactic development.

Progressive parties often advocate pro-immigration policies but do not attract equal support from all immigrant groups. Why is this the case? This study examines immigrants’ support for green parties, a key progressive party family in Western Europe. Our findings reveal that immigrants from established democracies are more likely to support green parties compared to those from (post-)authoritarian regimes. We attribute this disparity to socialization: Individuals from established democracies, where post-materialist values and environmental politics are more prominent, are more attuned to green issues. This heightened salience influences their political preferences after migration. Using entropy balancing on cross-national European surveys, we document this green support gap and provide evidence for our proposed mechanism. These results inform debates on how political preferences travel across contexts and the socialization effects of political institutions.

The relationship between time and international law is intricate and multifaceted, long evading methodical analysis. However, recent years have seen a surge in scholarly efforts to address this relationship. Taking a broad view of this burgeoning literature, this article recounts the temporal assumptions, narratives, and dynamics at play in the international legal sphere, while highlighting their logics and limitations. In doing so, it develops a critical typology of international law’s temporalities, distinguishing between three overarching paradigms: modern, postmodern, and hypermodern. The modern temporal paradigm, commonly seen as dominating the discipline, views international law as progressing uniformly and linearly from a dark past toward a brighter present and future. In contrast, the postmodern paradigm challenges the modern narrative of universal progress over time, shifting the focus to the past and the ways in which international law allows past wrongs to reverberate into the present. While each of these paradigms serves important functions, the article argues that neither provides a sufficient framework for navigating international law in the current era of accelerated technological, social, and environmental change, where the future increasingly diverges from the known past and present. The article thus calls for greater incorporation into the discipline of a third, hypermodern temporal paradigm, which takes a sober look at the future and recalibrates international law’s temporal modalities in response to rapidly evolving and increasingly complex global challenges.

For Lebesgue generic $({x}_1,x_2)\in \mathbb {R}^2$, we investigate the distribution of small values of products $q\cdot \|qx_1\| \cdot \|qx_2\|$ with $q\in \mathbb {N}$, where $\|\cdot \|$ denotes the distance to the closest integer. The main result gives an asymptotic formula for the number of $1\le q< T$ such that

$$ \begin{align*}a <q\cdot \|qx_1\| \cdot \|qx_2\|\le b\quad \text{and} \quad \|qx_1\|, \|qx_2\|\le c \end{align*} $$

for given parameters $a,b, c$ satisfying certain growth conditions.

Prevailing wisdom suggests that sentencing guidelines may constrain judicial discretion and hinder individualised justice; however, our cross-jurisdictional analysis indicates that they might actually better protect these principles than unrestricted discretion. Utilising two large-scale datasets from England and Wales, and Hong Kong, we examine sentences for burglary, assault, and drug trafficking. The results reveal a paradox: guidelines in England and Wales contributed to greater consistency in retributive proportionality and enhanced consideration of personal mitigating factors. Conversely, Hong Kong’s discretionary approach resulted in inconsistent application of sentencing considerations and personal mitigating factors. Both systems prioritised procedural efficiency, with guilty pleas markedly reducing sentences across various offences. These findings challenge the ‘bias effect’ critique by demonstrating that well-structured guidelines can safeguard individualised justice better than unfettered discretion can. The study offers robust empirical evidence for institutional design in criminal justice systems.

Left atrial appendage thrombosis is exceedingly rare in neonates and may present with nonspecific findings. We report a term neonate presenting with poor feeding and a gallop rhythm, who was found to have a large left atrial appendage thrombus with ventricular dysfunction. Surgical excision resulted in rapid recovery, highlighting the importance of early echocardiographic evaluation in subtle neonatal heart failure.

This article explores the changing trajectories of tawa’ifs—highly trained female performers of music and dance—in colonial North India, with a focus on their mobility and evolving patronage relationships. As British colonial policies and reformist moral discourses shattered long-standing networks of courtly support, tawa’ifs increasingly travelled between regional centres in search of livelihood and artistic relevance. Focusing on the princely state of Rampur, this study explores the complex interactions, power dynamics, and social hierarchies between Muslim female performers, middlemen, and elite patrons, particularly in the context of public festivals and fairs. Based on handwritten petitions, letters, and poems in Urdu and Persian, as well as vernacular print sources, the article argues that princely patronage was not static but adapted to the pressures of colonial modernity and wider pan-regional transformations. It also shows that post-1857 Lucknow remained a vital hub for recruitment, training, and trade. By tracing female performers across princely and colonial contexts, the article illuminates how their mobility and professional flexibility expanded alongside rising social stigmatisation and the intensifying conflation of courtesans with sex workers.

Weed-induced nutrient competition represents a major limitation on yield and quality in organic wheat cultivation. This study evaluated the effects of wide-range sowing on root-driven nutrient competition dynamics between wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Yongliang 4) and weeds. A two-year experiment (2019∼2020) in Bayannur, Inner Mongolia, compared three treatments: wide-range uniform sowing (W0), 7 cm wide-range sowing (W7), and conventional drilling sowing (CK). The study measured grain yield and protein content, root traits, and the dynamic changes in nutrient accumulation of organic wheat and field weeds, analyzing the nutrient competition levels and their responses to the different sowing methods. The two-year data demonstrated that both W0 and W7 treatments significantly enhanced grain yield in organic wheat compared to CK, with yield increments of 28.2% and 15.1% respectively. Compared to CK, the W0 treatment significantly improved root system development and nutrient uptake. Throughout various growth stages (at 60, 85, and 100 days after sowing, DAS), the average root length, surface area, volume, and weight density within the 0∼80 cm soil profile increased over 13.8%, 24.5%, 14.1%, and 19.2% respectively under W0 treatment. Concurrently, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake in wheat plants under W0 treatment showed enhancements over 34.6%, 39.5%, and 39.6% compared to CK. In contrast to the enhanced nutrient uptake in wheat, both experimental treatments significantly suppressed weed nutrient uptake. The W0 treatment reduced N, P, and K uptake in weeds by 55.9%, 57.9%, and 51.9% respectively, while W7 treatment decreased these parameters by 40.1%, 39.8%, and 40.2%. The wide-range sowing pattern particularly enhanced the nutrient competitiveness of organic wheat, with this competitive advantage becoming more pronounced during later growth stages. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between grain yield/protein content and root morphological parameters, as well as plant nutrient uptake. Conversely, significant negative correlations were observed between wheat productivity parameters and weed nutrient uptake, suggesting effective resource competition by the wheat plants under modified cultivation practices. In conclusion, wide-range sowing cultivation improves the nutrient competition ability of organic wheat through enhancing root traits, thereby suppressing weed access to nutrient resources and ultimately increasing both yield and grain quality of organic wheat.

Direct collocation (DC) methods are utilized for addressing trajectory optimization challenges in robotics due to their ability to generate dynamically consistent solutions. However, in the cable-driven robotic systems, where tension constraints impose kinodynamic restrictions, maintaining accuracy becomes significantly complex. This article addresses robot tensionability and proposes a method to overcome the limitations. A DC method is proposed to minimize the actuator force rate in a trajectory planning problem for a designed cable-driven parallel robot. The system comprises a 3-cable parallel mechanism with a central spine to counteract the end-effector’s weight and enhance tensionability. Integrating a pneumatic cylinder into the system that supports trajectory planning implementation is essential to minimize jerky motions. The DC method is applied through the proposed quadratic programming approach and benchmarked against existing packages to achieve and compare the resulting smoother trajectory. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces computation cost and enhances accuracy. Experimental data corroborate the simulation results, validating the method’s efficacy.

Periodic water waves of permanent form travelling at constant speed, the so-called Stokes waves, are studied in water of fixed finite depth using methods previously used in water of infinite depth. We apply our methods to waves of varying steepness over a range of fixed depths in order to determine how a number of physical quantities related to the waves change as the steepness of the waves increases. Finally, we examine the complex singularities outside of their domain of definition when the waves are considered as a function of a conformal variable.

We study the continuum limit of the motion of agents in the plane driven by competing short-range repulsion and long-range attractive forces. At a critical parameter value, we find destabilization of a trivial branch of uniformly distributed solutions and analyse bifurcating solutions. Curiously, the bifurcating branch is vertical, leading to a reversible, non-hysteretic phase transition. Near the bifurcation point, we demonstrate scaling laws for the size of vacuum regions, which can form fissures or bubbles. We also study the effect of small noise and the eventual topological transition from vacuum bubbles to isolated particle clusters.