This article traces the contours of the history of women’s education in England and Ireland in the period 1850-2000, mapping dominant themes and key inflection points. Positing a framework for reading degrees of change over time, we propose four interrelated lenses: access, curriculum, institutional presence, and networks. Drawing on key contributions to the field, we argue that women’s engagement with higher education has followed a complex and uneven trajectory, reflective of the shifting sands of attitudes and accommodations toward women across time, space, and discipline.

Emperor penguins are highly reliant on stable fast ice for successful breeding, and some studies project possible quasi-extinction for most colonies by 2100 due to future sea-ice loss. To better understand the future response of emperor penguins to ocean-climate warming and the possibility of major changes to their habitat, it is essential to better understand how colonies have responded to past changes in ice conditions. In this study, we identify the historical locations of the SANAE, Astrid and Mertz colonies in all available Landsat 4–9, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflections satellite (ASTER) and Sentinel-2 imagery for the period 1984–2024. We record the location and surface type of the colonies’ breeding locations each year while also recording major calving events, early fast-ice breakouts, distance to the fast-ice edge, and colony location span within a season. The results show that colonies usually return to approximately the same sites annually, but we observe variations due to major calving events. Following such events at Mertz (2010) and SANAE (2011), colonies relocate to different sites, where they may be more vulnerable to early fast-ice breakout or must travel longer distances to the fast-ice edge. In subsequent years, the colonies eventually return to sites close to their original location. Additionally, we observe early fast-ice breakouts that may impact breeding success at Mertz and SANAE colonies, including as early as September at Mertz (2016). Such breakouts coincide with both broader sea-ice lows and variations in colony location. Furthermore, all three colonies move onto the adjacent ice shelf in some years (and at Astrid and Mertz, also icebergs), including when stable fast ice is available, suggesting that this behaviour may be more common than previously thought. Observation of these behaviours contributes to broader understanding of emperor penguins’ adaptability and will aid future efforts to model the response of the species to ice loss.

Confronting and eliminating the injustice of the slave trade and slavery were crucial to the mission of the Church Missionary Society and its mid-19th-century ‘Upper Niger’ missionary agents in Nigeria. The native CMS missionaries on the Niger, led by Samuel Adjai Crowther, held a dual identity as subjects of the British Government (via the British colony of Sierra Leone) and as native members in their host communities. They were freed slaves or children of freed slaves who returned from Sierra Leone to serve in the natal regions from which they or their parents had been deported as slaves. They were the ones who purveyed the Christian ‘laws of God’. The influence of the British government, manifest, for example, in British consular oversight and in the frequent visits of imperial gunboats, also constituted them into subjects with the responsibility to espouse British law, ‘the laws of England’, and especially abolition and anti-slavery, in their Niger mission stations. But they were politically dependent on the support and approval of their politically autonomous hosts, whose structure of justice, ‘the laws of the land’, still accommodated slavery. This essay explores how these native CMS missionaries navigated among these conflictual juridical and moral spheres of responsibility.

In a world where the teaching of Classical Latin itself is increasingly at risk, introducing Vulgar Latin at secondary school level could be an opportunity to revive pupils’ interest in studying this language and increase awareness of their linguistic heritage. The ideal way to stimulate this effect is through classwork on epigraphic documents, which undoubtedly provide students with a unique opportunity to get to know the Latin-speaking civilisation from within. In recent years, this teaching strategy has gained international attention, stimulated by the need to renew Latin teaching methods to make them more effective and meaningful for both teachers and students. In this contribution, I will offer a review of a personal experience including the reusable sample of a Vulgar Latin workshop for high school students, and I will reflect on the role schools and universities should play in specifically promoting the teaching of Latin through epigraphy.

Our thesis is that the degree of permissible interaction between government and religion and its policy implications is most strikingly documented in the educational arena. To support our claim, we make three arguments: (1) by the early 1970s, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and other states were experimenting with accommodationist policies in education that neither increased religious divisiveness nor denied religious freedom. These policy experiments contributed to the Supreme Court’s new understanding of religious accommodation under the First Amendment; (2) beginning in the late 1970s, a scholarly reappraisal of the establishment clause—based on a close reading of the debates over the First Amendment in Congress and the states—was demonstrating that reasonable governmental accommodations, particularly in education, would not violate the establishment clause; and (3) that periodizing the establishment clause’s history, by focusing on state-level innovations and scholarly reinterpretations, enhances the understanding of the policy developments of the First Amendment, particularly in the educational field.

Inspired by Bhatt–Scholze [BS22], in this article, we introduce prismatic cohomology for rigid analytic spaces with l.c.i. singularities, with coefficients over Fontaine’s de Rham period ring ${\mathrm {B_{dR}^+}}$.

This note argues that imitation of Ausonius’ Cento nuptialis in the Peruigilium Veneris establishes 374 c.e. as the terminus post quem for the Peruigilium Veneris. The note enlarges on the argument of Danuta Shanzer, who identified debts to Ausonius in the Peruigilium Veneris and dated the latter poem accordingly: the approach is to locate evidence for Ausonian imitation that Shanzer missed, and thus to reinforce and confirm her position. While the note does not propose a poet for the Peruigilium Veneris, it shows that certain figures to whom the work is commonly attributed, notably Florus and Tiberianus, cannot be its author.

Let X be an uncountable Polish space and let $\mathcal {I}$ be an ideal on $\omega $. A point $\eta \in X$ is an $\mathcal {I}$-limit point of a sequence $(x_n)$ taking values in X if there exists a subsequence $(x_{k_n})$ convergent to $\eta $ such that the set of indexes $\{k_n: n \in \omega \}\notin \mathcal {I}$. Denote by $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})$ the family of subsets $S\subseteq X$ such that S is the set of $\mathcal {I}$-limit points of some sequence taking values in X or S is empty. In this article, we study the relationships between the topological complexity of ideals $\mathcal {I}$, their combinatorial properties, and the families of sets $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})$ which can be attained. On the positive side, we provide several purely combinatorial (not depending on the space X) characterizations of ideals $\mathcal {I}$ for the inclusions and the equalities between $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})$ and the Borel classes $\Pi ^0_1$, $\Sigma ^0_2$, and $\Pi ^0_3$. As a consequence, we prove that if $\mathcal {I}$ is a $\Pi ^0_4$ ideal then exactly one of the following cases holds: $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Pi ^0_1$ or $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^0_2$ or $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^1_1$ (however we do not have an example of a $\Pi ^0_4$ ideal with $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^1_1$). In addition, we provide an explicit example of a coanalytic ideal $\mathcal {I}$ for which $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^1_1$. On the negative side, since $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})$ contains all singletons, it is immediate that there are no ideals $\mathcal {I}$ such that $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^0_1$. On the same direction, we show that there are no ideals $\mathcal {I}$ such that $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Pi ^0_2$ or $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})=\Sigma ^0_3$. In fact, for instance, if $\mathcal {I}$ is a Borel ideal and $\mathscr {L}(\mathcal {I})$ contains a non $\Sigma ^0_2$ set, then it contains all $\Pi ^0_3$ sets. We conclude with several open questions.

The emerging evidence for cannabis in the management of tics in Tourette syndrome has come almost exclusively from studies in adult patients. We now have two published feasibility studies of cannabis for adolescents with Tourette syndrome. Although both readily recruited adolescent participants, there was no explicit requirement for prior trials with standard evidence-based treatments. This is of concern given the known harms of regular cannabis use in adolescents, especially the association with psychosis. Investigating cannabis as an option for tics in adolescents with Tourette syndrome is worthwhile, but a high degree of caution is warranted.

Intergenerational programs can support social connectedness, and an important element is engaging in activities together, known as ‘co-occupation’. To address gaps in the literature, we explored how older adults and university students living together in a retirement home enacted co-occupations, the factors that shaped the co-occupations, and how the co-occupations affected intergenerational relationship-building and connections. We conducted a focused ethnography using a constructivist-interpretivist paradigm, interviews with university students and older adults, and on-site observations. We analysed data using reflexive thematic analysis. Co-occupations were critical in creating connections and mutually beneficial intergenerational relationships. Participants often transformed co-occupations to promote interactions. Important features of intergenerational housing appear to be access to co-occupations that are structured and unstructured, flexibility to modify co-occupations, and physical spaces that promote co-occupation. This research illustrates how co-occupation within intergenerational housing programs can support connection and relationship-building. Findings can be applied within intergenerational housing and other intergenerational programs.

In the decades since Nolen-Hoeksema’s (1991) original work on response styles, research on rumination has flourished within psychological science. This literature often emphasizes the association of impaired problem-solving with rumination. Spikes in the prevalence of rumination coincide with the entry into adolescence, as youth become increasingly sensitive to social feedback and interpersonal relationships. This article introduces the idea that rumination represents a socially reinforced process in adolescent girls, who are particularly likely to engage in rumination and to find interpersonal stress aversive. In the event that relationships evoke distress, girls may be able to generate solutions through ruminative coping; however, they are unwilling to accept and enact these solutions when these solutions have the potential to be further socially disruptive. Although ruminative inaction may have grave consequences for the moods of youth, it maintains an interpersonal harmony that some youth may prioritize and, in the process, avoids changing a social milieu, angering or displeasing others, or generating unwanted social controversy or conflict. This serves as reinforcement for ruminative coping, creating the risk that rumination will become an entrenched habit with the potential to further erode mood over time.

This paper explores and criticizes Lucien Goldmann’s Marxist reading of Kant.

This article confronts the idea—especially widespread in the field of political philosophy, amongst Italian philosophers associated with feminism of difference, and in general narratives of 1970s Italian feminism—that Carla Lonzi was an anticipator of the Italian thought of sexual difference. Contra seminal texts like Non credere di avere dei diritti (1987) and scholars affiliated with the Libreria delle Donne di Milano and the Diotima philosophical collective, I illustrate how Lonzi was extraneous to the theoretical foundations and practices of “femminismo della differenza.” Notions of the symbolic mother, practices of disparity and ‘entrustment’, concerns with bringing into existence a female symbolic order—which would ground the development of the thought of sexual difference—were either absent in Lonzi’s writings or contested by her. While Lonzi’s work has increasingly been used to advance essentialist, gender-critical arguments by philosophers close to feminism of difference (for whom her work seemingly provides support against the very existence of non-binary, queer, and trans lives), I show how her approach to sexual difference departed significantly from such interpretations and can rather be more convincingly understood through Simone de Beauvoir.