This article offers the first test with valid measures and rigorous multivariate methods of the hypothesis that significant early-career research achievements of academics predict late-career achievements of the same type. Considerable research investigated the correlates of late-career research success; however, this promising hypothesis that originated in psychological and educational research on adolescents has not been tested systematically for academic careers. In a sample of three annual temporal cohorts of political science faculty members, our study finds notable evidence in support of this hypothesis. Our findings also provide a foundation for future research on how innate abilities, the character of doctoral programs, and the advantages of different types of academic positions shape long-term career productivity.

Rapid technological development of autonomous and unmanned systems has impacted all sectors of industry. Now, sea drones capable of delivering force – i.e., designed or equipped to cause injury or damage – are also transforming naval warfare. The tangible effects of their deployment are already witnessed in, for example, the international armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in the Black Sea. Despite the ongoing use of sea drones during naval hostilities, however, their legal status, including related rights and obligations, remains unclear under both the law of the sea and international humanitarian law frameworks.

This article analyzes the legal classification of sea drones capable of projecting force, examining whether they qualify as warships under Article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) or as means of warfare under Articles 35–36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. It also discusses the legal implications, showing that the classification of sea drones is not just a theoretical exercise but carries significant legal and operational consequences during both war and peace, such as those relating to sovereign immunity, navigational rights and lawful targeting. The paper argues that, since unmanned sea drones cannot pass the warship test (i.e., the cumulative requirements under UNCLOS Article 29), they should be categorized as naval means of warfare; thus, sea drone regulation can be drawn from the regimes governing naval mines and torpedoes. In conclusion, the paper highlights that the classification of sea drones must also consider their humanitarian implications.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the infrared (IR) luminosity functions (LF) of star-forming (SF) galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) using data from the ZFOURGE survey. We employ CIGALE to decompose the spectral energy distribution of galaxies into SF and AGN components to investigate the co-evolution of these processes at higher redshifts and fainter luminosities. Our CIGALE-derived SF and AGN LFs are generally consistent with previous studies, with an enhancement at the faint end of the AGN LFs. We attribute this to CIGALE’s capability to recover low-luminosity AGN more accurately, which may be underrepresented in other works. We find evidence for a significant evolutionary epoch for AGN activity below $z \approx 2$, comparable to the peak of cosmic star formation at $z \approx 2$, which we also recover well. Based on our results, the gas supply in the early universe favoured the formation of brighter star-forming galaxies from high-redshift until $z=2$, below which the gas for SF becomes increasingly exhausted. In contrast, AGN activity peaked earlier and declined more gradually, suggesting a possible feedback scenario in which AGN positively influence SF.

This paper contributes to the discussion on the link between international trade policy and food and nutrition security by looking at whether and how these concepts are addressed in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). We compile a dataset covering almost 600 PTAs that entered into force between 1948 and 2024, and apply textual analysis to show that the number of references to food security has increased over recent decades. To analyse the role of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) in shaping the rules and practices of international food trade, we investigate the placement, function, and significance of food security provisions in four case studies, looking at the extent to which the regulatory approaches of these PTAs align with or diverge from the relevant provisions of the WTO AoA. Our study reveals that, despite the growing prominence of food security and nutrition in PTAs, their regulatory approaches largely align with the AoA and seldom overcome its shortcomings. While some agreements introduce broader and more contemporary understandings of food security, binding commitments remain limited and structural tensions between national and global objectives persist.

Le droit à l’alimentation, vecteur de la sécurité alimentaire, a longtemps fait l’objet de débats contradictoires, d’une part, sur son appartenance à la catégorie des droits humains et, d’autre part, sur sa justiciabilité. Toutefois, au regard de son importance dans la vie de l’être humain, la prise de conscience semble avoir évolué sur son sujet. Des textes juridiques tant à l’échelle nationale qu’ internationale l’incorporent de plus en plus. Joint à cela, des théories à l’image de la théorie des trois niveaux d’obligations de Henry Shue en matière de mise en œuvre des droits humains et de la théorie générale des droits en filigrane, peuvent être mises à contribution afin de prouver son existence et sa justiciabilité. Dès lors, on pourrait affirmer qu’en sa qualité de personne morale de droit public qui se présente comme une entité souveraine, l’État a une responsabilité pour lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire et favoriser la jouissance du droit à l’alimentation par sa population. Toutefois, cette réalité ne peut permettre de marginaliser l’existence de difficultés au niveau d’une telle mise en œuvre. C’est le cas du manque de reconnaissance universelle de ce droit, de l’insuffisance des textes juridiques à valeur contraignante qui l’encadrent ou encore de la marginalisation de certaines branches du droit international qui sont pourtant contributives à sa réalisation et à celle de la sécurité alimentaire. C’est à l’image du droit international de l’agroalimentaire et du droit international des sols. À cela, s’ajoutent d’autres défis. Ceux-ci sont liés aux disparités existantes entre les États au regard de leurs situations économiques différentes, mais aussi aux fléaux de plus en plus prononcés comme les changements climatiques et les conflits armés. De la sorte, l’insécurité alimentaire reste une problématique internationale qui nécessite une action collective de l’ensemble de la communauté internationale (États, organisations internationales, organisations non gouvernementales) pour son éradication.

We study the multiserver-job setting in the load-focused multilevel scaling limit, where system load approaches capacity much faster than the growth of the number of servers $n$. We consider the “1 and $n$” system, where each job requires either one server or all $n$. Within the multilevel scaling limit, we examine three regimes: load dominated by $n$-server jobs, 1-server jobs, or balanced. In each regime, we characterize the asymptotic growth rate of the boundary of the stability region and the scaled mean queue length. We demonstrate that mean queue length peaks near balanced load via theory, numerics, and simulation.

Given a collection $\mathcal{D} =\{D_1,D_2,\ldots ,D_m\}$ of digraphs on the common vertex set $V$, an $m$-edge digraph $H$ with vertices in $V$ is transversal in $\mathcal{D}$ if there exists a bijection $\varphi \,:\,E(H)\rightarrow [m]$ such that $e \in E(D_{\varphi (e)})$ for all $e\in E(H)$. Ghouila-Houri proved that any $n$-vertex digraph with minimum semi-degree at least $\frac {n}{2}$ contains a directed Hamilton cycle. In this paper, we provide a transversal generalisation of Ghouila-Houri’s theorem, thereby solving a problem proposed by Chakraborti, Kim, Lee, and Seo. Our proof utilises the absorption method for transversals, the regularity method for digraph collections, as well as the transversal blow-up lemma and the related machinery. As an application, when $n$ is sufficiently large, our result implies the transversal version of Dirac’s theorem, which was proved by Joos and Kim.

In this paper we study the relationship between ideals and congruences of the tropical polynomial and Laurent polynomial semirings. We show that the variety of a non-zero prime ideal of the tropical (Laurent) polynomial semiring consists of at most one point. We also prove a result relating the dimension of an affine tropical variety and the dimension of its “coordinate semiring”.

The effect of dietary intake on body weight may vary based on individual genetic differences. However, children are rarely used in such investigations. The aim was to identify possible genetic moderation through polygenic scores (PGS) for BMI, of the association between dietary intakes and BMI in children. The study sample included children who were part of a French-Canadian birth-cohort study. BMI data was available on seven occasions between ages 4 and 13 years. FFQ (juice and fruit drinks, sweets and snack foods, meats, and fruits and vegetables) and 24-h dietary recall (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, total energy) data were available up to 4 years. Linear mixed models were used to account for repeated BMI measurements. The consumption of juice and fruit drinks (in girls), sweets and snack foods, fruits and vegetables, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and total energy were associated with BMI. Associations with BMI increased with age (kg/m2 per year) for fruits and vegetables (β: −0.03, 95%CI: −0.06;−0.01), lipids (β: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.01;0.22), carbohydrates (β: 0.05, 95%CI: 0.01;0.08), and total energy (β: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.02;0.12), and with higher values of a PGS (kg/m2 per SD) for proteins (β: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.03;1.06), lipids (β: 0.63, 95%CI: 0.12;1.13), and total energy (β: 0.32, 95%CI: 0.06;0.58). Using longitudinal data, we showed that the associations between specific dietary intakes and BMI may vary depending on age and genetic susceptibility in childhood.

Consider a general mortality-linked security (MLS) with a bounded payoff contingent on the evolution of the underlying mortality rate and the performance of associated risky assets. The mortality rate and asset prices are assumed to jointly follow a multivariate Itô process, driven by both a multivariate Brownian motion and a Poisson point process. We follow the utility indifference approach to pricing this MLS under the physical measure. To this end, we employ backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) to characterize the optimal investment strategy and the value function for the involved optimization problems. We then solve the resulting nonlinear BSDEs with a non-Lipschitz generator. This methodology, which combines the utility indifference approach with BSDE techniques, provides numerical tractability through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we conduct comprehensive numerical studies on the valuation of several concrete MLSs, with a focus on the sensitivity analysis of the indifference prices against various key model parameters, including, in particular, the correlation between the underlying mortality rate and asset price.

How have hopes raised by the UN1995 Beijing plan for global gender equality and empowerment been addressed in policy frameworks, academic theorising, grassroots mobilisation, and women’s everyday experience? To answer this question, the article starts with contextual snapshots, focusing on Australian, Indian, and Latin American/Caribbean examples, to draw out issues of occupational segregation, formal and informal economy work, paid and unpaid work, and migration. Two international approaches to addressing these issues were the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal and its International Labour Organisation (ILO) Decent Work agenda. While intersectional and decolonial theories critique the UN’s weak and depoliticised human rights framework, there seem to be limited alternatives right now to the work being done within this frame and to extend it. Sources of hope lie in recent Latin American and Caribbean gender mobilisations, and an emerging Care Society agenda addressing gender inequities of value, time, and voice in unpaid work. Reviewing the seven new research articles on gender and work in ELRR 36(3), this article shifts from structure to agency, identifying how constraints are reproduced and navigated. In Australia, men’s interventions in apprenticeship training structures helped perpetuate occupational segregation. Three articles document daily experiences of restricted agency or outright oppression in work/family relationships in India, where tradition and neoliberalism intersect. Argentinian communal kitchens have reduced domestic labour time and increased voice, though in Mexico, expanded community childcare provision may not shift the gender division of care.

This article explores rhythm and the īqāʿ rhythmic system as outlined in Persian music-theoretical treatises written during the fifteenth century, a period referred to in this study as the late Systematist period. The study seeks to enhance our understanding of the evolution of this rhythmic system over time, thereby contributing to the broader study of the entire Systematist period (circa 1235–1500). To achieve this aim, six Persian treatises from the fifteenth century have been meticulously selected and analysed. These include treatises by ʿAbd al-Qādir b. Ghaybī al-Ḥāfiẓ al-Marāghī, an anonymous author, ʿAlīshāh ibn Ḥājī Būka Awbahī, and ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Miʿmār. Comparisons and analyses serve as essential methodological tools for achieving the study’s purposes.