This special issue aims to present empirically grounded reflections on concepts of exile, asylum, and refugee during the long Age of Revolutions, before the emergence of the modern international refugee regime. During this period, hundreds of thousands of people fled their homelands, prompting authorities and exiles themselves to reflect on and negotiate the status of newcomers and their rights and obligations. What it meant to be a refugee mattered, especially at a moment of imperial crisis and reconfiguration. Thus, building on the emerging field of refugee history, we ask: Who was a refugee, for what reasons, and with what concrete implications? How did one claim refugee status? Who was denied refugee status? How translatable were the concepts of refugee, exile, and asylum across societies? And what other terms might overlap with or replace the concept of refugee? To what extent did these concepts create distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate forms of mobility, between desirable and undesirable newcomers to host societies? The contributors to this special issue explore these questions in a variety of historical and geographical contexts across the Atlantic and Mediterranean worlds.

Recent research suggests that maternal mood entropy, a novel measure of mood dysfunction, is associated with child outcomes. However, the link between maternal mood entropy and children’s structural brain development, and how this association may change across childhood, remains unclear. In a longitudinal study with neuroimaging data collected at ages 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 10.5 years (n = 1,498; n = 674 with neuroimaging), we examined whether maternal mood entropy is associated with children’s hippocampal and amygdala volumes over time. Mothers reported on negative mood symptoms at several assessments between ages 3 months and 4.5 years. We calculated maternal mood levels as the sum of mood symptoms and computed maternal mood entropy by applying Shannon’s entropy to the distributions of mood questionnaire responses. Maternal mood measures were not associated with amygdala volumes; however, mood entropy was directly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes at age 4.5 years and indirectly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes at 10.5 years through rank-order stability over time. These effects were present beyond the effects of socioeconomic status and intracranial volume and were specific to mood entropy, not mood levels. Our findings indicate that patterns of maternal mood are embedded in early childhood brain structure, setting the stage for subsequent neurodevelopment.

Anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery poses serious risks when involving high-risk features such as a long intramural course or a slit-like orifice, with demand ischaemia as the likely pathophysiology of sudden cardiac arrest. This case links sudden cardiac arrest to demand ischaemia, confirmed by cardiac MRI showing a transmural infarct in the right coronary artery territory. This is a rare case demonstrating transmural infarction in a patient with an anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery, as demonstrated by cardiac MRI findings.

Education and allergy referral via nurse-driven online messaging to patients (n = 1,284) with penicillin allergy labels (PALs) reduced PALs by 8.6%. The percentage decrease of “unknown” (14.8%) and “rash” (7.9%) PALs were higher vs “hives” (6.1%) and “itching” (1.4%) reaction types.

Observations indicate that high-redshift galaxies undergo episodic star formation bursts, driving strong outflows that expel gas and suppress accretion. We investigate the consequences for metal and dust content of galaxies at z ≥ 5 using our semi-analytical model, ASHVINI. We track gas-phase and stellar metallicities (Zg, Z⋆) and dust mass (Md) in dark matter haloes spanning Mh = 106-1011M⊙, comparing continuous and bursty star formation scenarios- which reflect underlying assumptions of instantaneous and delayed feedback - and we allow for metallicity-dependent feedback efficiency. Delayed feedback induces oscillations in Zg and Z⋆, with Zg declining sharply at low stellar and halo masses; the mass scale of this decline increases toward lower redshift. Reionization introduces significant scatter in Zg, producing an upturn followed by rapid decline. Metallicity-dependent feedback moderates this decline at z = 7-10, flattening the Zg–mass relation to ≃ 0.03–0.04Z⊙. Dust production tracks Zg but is sensitive to burst history, causing delayed enrichment. Our results show that burst-driven feedback decouples Zg and Z⋆, imprints intrinsic scatter in mass–metallicity relations, and delays dust growth. These effects are strongest in low-mass halos (Mh ∼ 107 M⊙), where shallow potentials amplify the impact of feedback. Our results are consistent with recent hydrodynamical and semi-analytical simulations and provide context for interpreting JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) metallicity and dust measurements, highlighting the importance of episodic star formation in early galaxy chemical evolution.

The current study aimed to examine the influence of distinct patterns of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and postnatal threat and deprivation during infancy on sleep outcomes at three-years. Data were derived from a longitudinal cohort originating from predominately low-income hospital settings in Australia (n = 1952 children; 50.6% female; 80.1% maternal education of trade school or less; 87.4% born in Australia or UK; 2.1% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander) across three developmental waves (prenatal, 12 months, and three years). Children with two distinct patterns of heavy PAE, heavy reducer and heavy throughout, showed statistically significantly reductions in sleep duration at age three in the context of early threat exposure, relative to children with no PAE (11 minute reduction per threat exposure & 30 minute reduction per threat exposure, respectively; small effects). Threat exposure during infancy also independently predicted more night waking (11% increase in frequency per threat exposure; moderate effects) at three years. Overall, Overall, addressing children’s intersectional pre- and post-natal risks remains a critical way forward.

In central Argentina there is intense conflict between productive livestock activities and wild carnivores, particularly the puma Puma concolor. Livestock guarding dogs are one of the most effective non-lethal tools for reducing predation on livestock, and their use has increased globally, and in this area recently. Using 5 years (2018–2022) of camera-trap data, we analysed the daily activity patterns of pumas and a guarding dog, identified the major factors affecting puma habitat use, and examined puma–dog interactions in a human-dominated landscape in central Argentina. In a total sampling effort of 23,738 trap-days, we recorded 212 events of pumas and 166 of the dog. Pumas had a nocturnal activity pattern, whereas the guarding dog was mostly diurnal, with activity peaks in the early morning and afternoon. The intensity of habitat use by pumas increased with the proportion of scrubland cover and the distance from points where human activity was the greatest but was not affected by the presence of the dog. We found that the interactions between pumas and the guarding dog were infrequent and limited in space, and some evidence that pumas may avoid the presence of the dog. This exploration of puma–livestock guarding dog interactions contributes to knowledge of how guarding dogs work as a non-lethal measure to mitigate human–carnivore conflicts and what their effects are on wildlife in a modified rural landscape where ranching is the main economic activity.

To investigate early radiolarian evolution and phylogeny, exceptionally well-preserved materials from the middle Cambrian and Lower Ordovician were examined using laboratory-based and synchrotron X-Ray micro-computed tomography (MCT). From the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan–Drumian) Inca Formation of the Georgina Basin, three families, including one new family, the Fungomaculidae n. fam., have been recovered. Analysis of MCT three-dimensional models of radiolarians reveals significant intraspecific variations in Archeoentactinia incaensis Won in Won and Below, 1999 and A. hexactinia Won in Won and Below, 1999 with six morphotypes recognized. Two new species, A. heptactinia n. sp. and A. pentactinia n. sp, are established. The first median-bar-centered initial spicule was identified in a specimen of A. incaensis morphotype 4.

Specimens of Varispiculum ectospiculatum Won and Iams, 2015 from the Lower Ordovician (upper Floian) Cow Head Group, Newfoundland, are digitized with the aid of the Australian Synchrotron MCT. The exclusively spicular composition of V. ectospiculatum is recognized. Morphological comparison suggests possible phylogenetic affinity between A. incaensis and V. ectospiculatum. At least one Entactinarian lineage appears to have evolved from the point-centered spicular Echidninidae.

Additional detail revealed by closer examination of Archeoentactinia hexactinia Won in Won and Below, 1999 morphotype 2 includes the possibility that rays of the initial spicule are hollow. This previously unrecognized feature is significant in the broader context of the mode of skeletal growth and early radiolarian evolution.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/7edbe7fa-1238-4914-b57b-f455037e1b7e

We describe four-dimensional Lorentzian algebraic Ricci solitons. In sharp contrast with the Riemannian situation, any four-dimensional Lie group admits a left-invariant Lorentz metric which is a Ricci soliton.

This article focuses on the placement of ruins in the Mixtec landscape and in painted screen-fold manuscripts or codices during the Late Postclassic period, with an eye toward shedding light on broader Mesoamerican dynamics. I argue that while ruins of previous ages constituted meaningful links to the past in and of themselves, much of their significance, or even “vibrancy,” in the Postclassic inhered from the processes of persons journeying to and from them across the landscape. In the highly mountainous terrain of the Mixtec highlands, this movement frequently involved dramatic vertical ascents and descents, a phenomenon accentuated in the surviving codices from the region. Drawing from archaeological, textual, and iconographic evidence, I argue that this vertical movement to and from ruins of the past was closely intertwined with Mesoamerican understandings of temporality, and that traversing up and down the landscape could effectively constitute a kind of movement through time. Consistent with our grasp of Mesoamerican temporalities more generally, these spatiotemporal movements should not be seen as linear or teleological but instead as largely cyclical and bound up with concerns surrounding cosmic renewal.

Tail biting in growing pigs is both a sign and cause of impaired welfare. On one-day visits to ten Finnish farms, we assessed weaned pigs between approximately 4 to 10 weeks of age. On each farm, tail health was assessed at the pen level in 2–15 rooms (n = 81) selected randomly within age strata (n = 3), and on individual level in one high-prevalence pen per age category (n = 37 pens). Risk factors for tail biting were assessed in 2–3 age-representative rooms per farm according to 57 resource- and animal-based questions on environment, hygiene, health, feeding and enrichment. Tail health data were reduced into three pen- and three individual-level principal components. Component scores were used as outcome variables when establishing effects of risk factors on tail health using regression tree analysis and mixed modelling. Tail health deteriorated over the weaner period, especially from the first to the second third. Besides age, risk factors for impaired tail health consisted predominantly of shortcomings related to basic needs, such as adequate resting areas and enrichment. In the individual-level data, different risk factors could be associated with different types of tail lesions in problem pens, suggesting distinct aetiologies. In conclusion, improvements to the early environment in the farms studied here may have a significant positive impact on the well-being of pigs, not only post-weaning, but potentially permanently if experiencing less tail biting in early life leads to prevention later.

Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo, por un lado, profundizar el estudio de las prácticas alimentarias y la dieta de las poblaciones que habitaron la costa sur de la Laguna Mar Chiquita, mediante el análisis de microrrestos vegetales en contenedores cerámicos y, por otro, conocer las modalidades de producción de dichos objetos, en vínculo con estas prácticas culinarias, desde una perspectiva tecnológica. Para ello, se analizaron 34 fragmentos, procedentes de los sitios El Diquecito e Isla Orihuela Playa Sudeste, correspondientes al Holoceno tardío. Entre los artefactos identificados se encuentran vasijas simples y compuestas, abiertas y cerradas. Los análisis permitieron identificar tanto especies vegetales silvestres (algarrobo, chañar y Arecaceae) como cultivadas (maíz, zapallo o calabaza, porotos, papa y mandioca), evidenciando una notable diversidad en las plantas seleccionadas y el uso de recipientes específicos según las preparaciones. Este abordaje multidisciplinar integra información arqueobotánica y tecnológica sobre los recipientes cerámicos, sus formas, usos y funciones, contribuyendo a comprender los modos de vida y prácticas cotidianas de estas poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras-horticultoras, destacando su interacción con las plantas en las llanuras cordobesas.

Case control analysis of breast tissue expander (TE) infections after clinic-based expansion procedures from 2019 to 2022 in a large county hospital found no significant modifiable risk factors, including implant type. Suboptimal sterile access may be an independent contributor to TE infections following clinic procedures. Ongoing protocol adherence and monitoring are needed.

Public policy encourages healthier diets using interventions like financial incentives, calorie labelling or social-norm nudges. While evidence shows these interventions can influence behaviour, effects vary across individuals, indicating a need for tailored approaches. This study explores the effects of tailoring through choice, i.e., whether allowing individuals to choose interventions improves effectiveness. In a field experiment, 839 university students chose between healthier and less healthy snacks under three interventions: (i) small financial incentives, (ii) calorie information or (iii) a social-norm nudge (i.e., 60% chose healthily). Half the respondents were randomly assigned an intervention (or no-intervention control), while the rest selected and received their chosen intervention. Among respondents given a choice, 51%, 41% and 8% selected financial incentives, calorie labelling or social norms, respectively. Self-selected interventions (marginally) significantly increased healthy snack choices compared to the no-intervention control, while randomly assigned interventions did not. When accounting for individual characteristics, chosen calorie labelling and social norm nudges significantly increased healthy choices, while financial incentives did not. Allowing respondents to choose their intervention appears effective, while random assignment is not. This positive effect of choice may be driven by selection into calorie labelling and social norms, although respondent characteristics partially explain this effect.

Studies persuasively show that parental power assertion contributes to children’s hostile (defensive) mindsets, but most examined severe forms of control (abuse, harsh punishment) and aggressive children. Less is known about processes linking power assertion with children’s hostile mindsets in typical, low-risk families. Further, specific mechanisms accounting for associations between parenting and hostile mindsets are unclear; children’s theory of mind (ToM) and regulation have been suggested, implying equifinality in developmental cascades. Finally, factors that moderate impact of parenting on children’s hostile mindsets, implying multifinality, are unclear. In a study of 200 mothers, fathers, and children, we proposed that links between parental power assertion and children’s hostile mindsets are (a) accounted for by two parallel mediators – children’s poor ToM and poor regulation, and (b) moderated by their representations of parents. We expected links between power assertion and hostile mindset to be significant for children with negative representations, but defused, or absent, for children with positive representations. Parental power assertion was assessed at toddler and preschool age, ToM and regulation at preschool age, and hostile mindsets and representations of parents at early school age. We supported both mediated paths for mother–child dyads, mediation via child regulation for father–child dyads, and moderation for both.

We study the effect of time-varying disagreement of professional forecasters on the transmission of monetary policy in Korea, which has transitioned from an emerging to an advanced economy. We find that high levels of disagreement interfere with the transmission of monetary policy and, hence, weaken monetary policy effects. However, under low levels of disagreement, a monetary policy shock elicits textbook-like responses of inflation, expected inflation, and real activity. The findings are consistent with the view that disagreement affects the role of the signaling channel of monetary transmission relative to the conventional transmission channel. We also show that the dependance of the transmission on the level of disagreement remains intact even after controlling for time-varying monetary policy uncertainty and considering the shifts in the Bank of Korea’s inflation target type.