This article contributes to the understanding of why some management experiences of non-family CEOs (NF-CEOs) in privately owned family firms (POFFs) are successful, while others are not. It uses the flexible pattern-matching technique to examine seven case studies of POFFs with different experiences in recruiting NF-CEOs. Drawing on human capital specificity and heterogeneity, as well as socio-emotional wealth perspectives, our analysis suggests that NF-CEOs and owning families must invest time to gain knowledge of each other. Consequently, longer minimum tenures are required compared to non-FFs, making the alignment of NF-CEO and successor life cycles crucial for success. A cooperative and long-term-oriented personality of NF-CEOs is also relevant to fit the context of family businesses. This article is the first to adapt the specificity of human capital theory to the study of NF-CEOs.

Let $\mu _{M,D}$ be the self-similar measure generated by $M=RN^q$ and the product-form digit set $D=\{0,1,\ldots ,N-1\}\oplus N^{p_1}\{0,1,\ldots ,N-1\}\oplus \cdots \oplus N^{p_s}\{0,1,\ldots ,N-1\}$, where $R\geq 2$, $N\geq 2$, q, $p_i(1\leq i\leq s)$ are integers with $\gcd (R,N)=1$ and $1\leq p_1<p_2<\cdots <p_s<q$. In this paper, we first show that $\mu _{M,D}$ is a spectral measure with a model spectrum $\Lambda $. Then, we completely settle two types of spectral eigenvalue problems for $\mu _{M,D}$. In the first case, for a real t, we give a necessary and sufficient condition under which $t\Lambda $ is also a spectrum of $\mu _{M,D}$. In the second case, we characterize all possible real numbers t such that $\Lambda '\subset \mathbb {R}$ and $t\Lambda '$ are both spectra of $\mu _{M,D}$.

Let S and T be smooth projective varieties over an algebraically closed field k. Suppose that S is a surface admitting a decomposition of the diagonal. We show that, away from the characteristic of k, if an algebraic correspondence $T \to S$ acts trivially on the unramified cohomology, then it acts trivially on any normalized, birational and motivic functor. This generalizes Kahn’s result on the torsion order of S. We also exhibit an example of S over $\mathbb {C}$ for which $S \times S$ violates the integral Hodge conjecture.

This meta-analysis assesses the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). PubMed, Web of science, Ovid, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials were used to systematically search from their inception until July 2024. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were employed to assess the association between vitamin D supplementation and MACE. This analysis included five randomised controlled trials (RCT). Pooled results showed no significant difference in the incidence of MACE (HR: 0·96; P = 0·77) and expanded MACE (HR: 0·96; P = 0·77) between the vitamin D intervention group and the control group. Further, the vitamin D intervention group had a lower incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), but the difference was not statistically significant (HR: 0·88, 95 % CI: 0·77, 1·01; P = 0·061); nevertheless, vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the reduced incidence of stroke (P = 0·675) or cardiovascular death (P = 0·422). Among males (P = 0·109) and females (P = 0·468), vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the reduced incidence of MACE. For participants with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0·782); notably, the vitamin D intervention group had a lower incidence of MACE for those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (HR: 0·91, 95 % CI: 0·83, 1·00; P = 0·055). Vitamin D supplementation did not significantly contribute to the risk reduction of MACE, stroke and cardiovascular death in the general population, but may be helpful for MI. Notably, the effect of vitamin D supplementation for MACE was influenced by BMI. Overweight/obese people should be advised to take vitamin D to reduce the incidence of MACE.

Hydrothermal vents are known to host unique faunal assemblages supported by chemosynthetic production; however, the fauna associated with inactive sulphide ecosystems remain largely uncharacterised across the global seafloor. In November 2023, a six-rayed starfish was collected from the Semenov hydrothermal field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A combination of morphological and molecular methods has confirmed the identity of this species as Paulasterias mcclaini Mah et al. 2015 (Forcipulatida: Paulasteriidae), providing the first validated record of this family in the Atlantic Ocean. We present an updated morphological description of the species, alongside phylogenetic analysis of the COI, 16S, 12S, and H3 genetic markers. The biogeography of the family is discussed, and previously published records amended.

In experimental social science, precise treatment effect estimation is of utmost importance, and researchers can make design choices to increase precision. Specifically, block-randomized and pre-post designs are promoted as effective means to increase precision. However, implementing these designs requires pre-treatment covariates, and collecting this information may decrease sample sizes, which in and of itself harms precision. Therefore, despite the literature’s recommendation to use block-randomized and pre-post designs, it remains unclear when to expect these designs to increase precision in applied settings. We use real-world data to demonstrate a counterintuitive result: precision gains from block-randomized or pre-post designs can withstand significant sample loss that may arise during implementation. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating researchers’ practical concerns into existing experimental design advice.

This study examined whether supplementation with collagen peptides (CP) affects appetite and post-exercise energy intake in healthy active females. In this randomised, double-blind cross-over study, fifteen healthy females (23 (sd 3) years) consumed 15 g/d of CP or a taste matched non-energy control (CON) for 7 d. On day 7, participants cycled for 45 min at ∼55 % Wmax, before consuming the final supplement. Sixty-min post supplementation an ad libitum meal was provided, and energy intake recorded. Subjective appetite sensations were measured daily for 6 d (pre- and 30 min post-supplement) and pre (0 min) to 280 min post-exercise on day 7. Blood glucose and hormone concentrations (total ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (sDPP-4), leptin, and insulin) were measured fasted at baseline (day 0), then pre-breakfast (0 min), post-exercise (100 min), post-supplement (115, 130, 145, 160 min) and post-meal (220, 280 min) on day 7. Ad libitum energy intake was ∼10 % (∼41 kcal) lower in the CP trial (P = 0·037). There was no difference in gastrointestinal symptoms or subjective appetite sensations throughout the trial (P ≥ 0·412). Total plasma GLP-1 (AUC, CON: 6369 (sd 2330); CP: 9064 (sd 3021) pmol/l; P < 0·001) and insulin (+80 % at peak) were higher after CP (P < 0·001). Plasma ghrelin and leptin were lower in CP (condition effect; P ≤ 0·032). PYY, CCK and glucose were not different between CP and placebo (P ≥ 0·100). CP supplementation following exercise increased GLP-1 and insulin concentrations and reduced ad libitum energy intake at a subsequent meal in physically active females.