In this paper, an ultra-wideband, low-scattering, and stable-gain Fabry–Perot antenna is proposed based on a novel hybrid metasurface. The radar cross-section (RCS) reduction is achieved by employing a 1-bit checkerboard polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) with a high polarization conversion ratio. Moreover, to enhance the antenna gain, broaden the 3-dB gain bandwidth, and maintain stable gain performance within the passband, a nonuniform reflective metasurface with a positively sloped reflection phase is strategically introduced. This metasurface, combined with the tessellated PCM layer, forms a hybrid structure featuring high transmission efficiency. Benefiting from this hybrid metasurface design, the antenna demonstrates a maximum gain enhancement of 4.7 dBi, an average gain improvement of 2.7 dBi, and a 39.8% increase in the 3-dB gain bandwidth. To validate the proposed design methodology, a prototype antenna was fabricated and experimentally measured. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated predictions. Specifically, the fabricated antenna exhibits a –10 dB impedance bandwidth of 22.47% (7.23–9.06 GHz), a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 18.2% (7–8.4 GHz), and a maximum gain of 17.25 dBi at 7.2 GHz. Additionally, the antenna achieves an RCS reduction bandwidth of 102.3%, with a maximum RCS reduction of 35.3 dB at 13.03 GHz.

This study examined factors associated with stunting in children aged < 2 years in eastern Indonesia. Data were derived from three national cross-sectional surveys of Indonesia. The outcome variable was stunting (low length-for-age) in children aged < 2 years. Nineteen potential predictors from community- to individual-level characteristics were identified. Multilevel analyses were performed, adjusting for cluster sampling with random effects for cluster and strata. We used data from the 2010, 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research. Information from 6076 children aged < 2 years from Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua regions were used. We found that the proportion of stunted children aged < 2 years in eastern Indonesia decreased between 2010 and 2018. Significant predictors of stunting included living in West Nusa Tenggara (adjusted OR (aOR) = 1·09; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) and East Nusa Tenggara region (aOR = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·28, 1·45), belonging to a household with three or more children aged under 5 years (aOR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·56), being from a poor household (aOR = 1·17; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·30) and born to less educated mother (aOR = 1·26; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·56). Furthermore, stunting were more likely among males (aOR = 1·29, 95 % CI 1·19, 1·40), those aged 12–23 months (aOR = 2·01; 95 % CI 1·65, 2·45), with low birth weight (aOR = 1·91; 95 % CI 1·40, 2·60) and with gestational age < 37 weeks at birth (aOR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·24). Multiple factors contribute to stunting in eastern Indonesia, highlighting the need for comprehensive and targeted initiatives. Poverty reduction, healthcare system improvement, family planning and continued health promotion strategies are necessary to reduce stunting prevalence.

Lygus hesperus is an economically important pest of many crops. An effective monitoring method for the early detection of L. hesperus could improve its management. A recently developed pheromone lure has been shown to attract L. hesperus males, however, fewer males were captured than expected. It is unknown whether this was an effect of pheromone responsiveness or the type of trap used. Thus, we compared the efficacy of the previously used white delta sticky traps to red cylindrical sticky traps in strawberry fields in California and cotton fields in Arizona. Collections were made 1 and 2 weeks after trap deployment. In strawberry, pheromone baited traps captured more L. hesperus males than unbaited traps. More males were collected from baited red cylindrical sticky traps compared with either type of unbaited trap. In cotton, baited red cylindrical traps captured more males than unbaited traps after 1 week of field exposure, but not after 2 weeks of deployment. Overall, red cylindrical traps caught more L. hesperus males than white delta traps. Diminished trap captures during the second week of monitoring may be attributed to high temperatures in cotton that likely shortened the lure’s longevity and windy conditions in both strawberry and cotton that may have decreased the effectiveness of the trap’s adhesive. Additional work to clarify the lure’s field longevity and distinguish various elements of trap design (e.g. colour, adhesive, and shape) may further increase the operational effectiveness of pheromone-baited traps for L. hesperus.

Some philosophers and theologians argue that if God will save everyone, then earthly life is pointless. No matter how good earthly life is, heaven would be far better. So we would have been better off if God had started us off in heaven. I present and defend two objections to this argument. First, time on earth does not result in a deduction from time in heaven. Pick whatever amount of time you might wish to spend in heaven. You will spend that much time in heaven whether you are on earth first or not. Second, given origin essentialism, we could not start off in heaven rather than earth. Our very existence depends on our earthly origins.

Daniel James, a preeminent historian of the Argentine working class and Peronism, has fundamentally transformed how we understand Latin American labor history. This oral history interview, conducted by four of his former doctoral students, explores the personal, intellectual, and methodological foundations of his pioneering work. James discusses his working-class upbringing in post-war England as the son of Communist Party militants, his formative experiences at Oxford during the late 1960s, and his introduction to Argentina during the politically charged early 1970s. The conversation traces his evolution from the social history approach of Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class (1988) through his methodological innovations in oral history with Doña María’s Story (2000) to his recent collaborative work on photography and memory in Paisajes del pasado (2025). James reflects candidly on the influence of E. P. Thompson, Walter Benjamin, and the Latin American Labor History Workshop on his scholarship, while emphasizing the centrality of relationships, empathy, and historical imagination in his approach to working-class history. The interview also addresses his teaching philosophy, his commitment to graduate mentorship, and his view of history as a moral enterprise aimed at rescuing ordinary people “from the enormous condescension of posterity.” James concludes by outlining two prospective research projects on Argentine photography and political exile.

Trophy hunting (TH) is a form of wildlife use in which individuals pay to hunt under regulated conditions and retain selected body parts as trophies. Tanzania permits TH in areas with different land-use designations, covering diverse habitats. However, human activities such as settlement, agriculture and livestock grazing can threaten habitats and wildlife populations, particularly as revenue from TH declines. Using satellite data from between 2013 and 2023, we quantified changes in functional area and land cover across 15 hunting blocks in northern Tanzania. Over this period, functional area in hunting blocks decreased by c. 22.4% in Game Controlled Areas (GCAs) and by c. 18.0% in Open Areas (OAs), attributed to human encroachment. Longido North GCA experienced the most substantial land-cover change, with a 76% increase in dense vegetation. An analysis comparing the 2013–2019 and 2019–2023 data revealed consistent shrinkages in grassland and mixed and dense vegetation within the Longido North GCA, Masai OA and Irkishbor OA hunting blocks. Although individual land-cover losses in the given periods remained below 50% (our threshold for major habitat loss), these cumulative changes reduce habitat suitability, posing risks to biodiversity and the sustainability of TH. This study reveals the extent of human pressures on hunting blocks and calls for integrated regional planning, active management and targeted conservation strategies.

Chronic stress can lead to serious health problems, including elevated blood glucose, intestinal dysbiosis, villous shortening, decreased enzyme activity and hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigate the protective effects of the magnesium-L-theanine (Mg-T) combination on chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced liver and intestinal damage. Fifty-six rats were divided into two groups: normal and stressed, and supplemented with different doses of Mg-T (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). The results showed that CVS-treated rats had reduced body weight, serum insulin levels, magnesium levels, intestinal barrier proteins and nutrient transporters. However, Mg-T supplementation improved these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Mg-T treatment reduced CVS-induced glucose, corticosterone and triglyceride levels while alleviating liver and intestinal damage. Histological analysis revealed that Mg-T alleviated CVS-induced intestinal damage, characterised by villus shortening, reduced crypt depth and inflammation. CVS-induced increases in hepatic triglycerides and lipogenic markers (SREBF1, FASN) were attenuated by Mg-T supplementation, while metabolic regulators such as PPARγ and SIRT-1 were upregulated. Moreover, Mg-T restored the expression of intestinal barrier proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) and mucosal protein (MUC-2). CVS treatment reduced the expression of nutrient transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2) and amino acid carriers; however, Mg-T supplementation increased the protein levels of these markers. Our data demonstrate that Mg-T has significant protective effects against CVS-induced metabolic, hepatic and intestinal disturbances, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for managing chronic stress-related health problems.

Evidence for parasites in the fossil record is rare. As such, any examples present insight into parasitism in deep time. Trilobites have often been used for documenting parasites in the Paleozoic. Here we examine an Illaenus sp. pygidium from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia that displays thirteen small structures with domical to crater-like shapes. These morphologies are consistent with circular depressions on the pygidium inner surface. We propose that these structures formed while the trilobite was alive and record an infestation located within soft tissue. The trace maker seems to have influenced pygidial mineralization and caused a pathological reaction. The symbiont may have been capable of bioerosion, excavating these depressions by dissolving the trilobite’s mineral tissues; however, this scenario is less likely considering comparisons with syndromes and pathologies known in modern arthropods. The parasitic organism may have fed on the trilobite’s tissues or utilized nutrients within the trilobite’s body for growth. These observations are consistent with a parasitic organism.

Neonatal growth assessment during the first 28 days of life is a critical determinant of infant health and survival. Anthropometric measurements provide a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive means to evaluate neonatal size, nutritional status, and growth, as well as to predict long-term health outcomes. Alongside standard growth curves, methods for assessing neonatal body composition offer additional insights into fat and fat-free mass distribution, which are linked to later risks such as childhood obesity and metabolic complications. This review summarizes the commonly used anthropometric measures and advanced laboratory techniques for assessing neonatal growth and body composition, discusses their advantages and limitations, and highlights the importance of their combined use in clinical and research settings. Understanding these methods is essential for early identification of growth disturbances and for promoting optimal nutrition and health outcomes throughout the life course.