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This article presents a theory of the order of power to explain the dynamics and interaction between the political and legal orders in China’s courts. This theory posits that the political order is embodied in the extensive administrative ranking system (ARS) of the People’s Republic of China and has a systematic impact on the legal order regardless of the subject matter. The ARS is a system that regulates power relations between various institutional and personal actors in all key power fields, including courts. According to this theory, power, as stratified by the ARS, relativizes law during the processes of legal implementation, application, and enforcement. This theory provides a coherent explanation of judicial behavioural patterns in different subject matters, such as the centralization of criminal investigations in some crimes but not others, the distribution of corruption in China’s courts, and the outcome patterns of administrative litigation. Whilst the conventional wisdom sees that the political and the legal orders in China’s courts are partitioned based on the subject matter, this theory asserts the opposite: the impact of the political order is systemic, comprehensive, and applicable to the entire legal field. This article fills a knowledge gap in Chinese law and politics, where the ARS has received little attention except for recent studies on administrative litigation. The article also identifies two overlooked but distinctive features of the ARS—its multidimensionality and interconnectivity—our understanding of which is disproportionately poor in relation to their significance.
This article examines how the Castilian conquest of Granada and the conversion of its inhabitants to Christianity affected the Catholic Church; specifically, it analyses the role played by parish churches as recipients and administrators of religious donations, first from Muslims and later from converts. This study shows that the Church was not the only beneficiary of the donations it received, since these gifts were part of a strategy on the part of converts to be accepted as legal members of Castilian society and on the part of the Crown in its campaign for the unity of the kingdom.
Since the 1980s National Flying Laboratory Centre has used the Jetstream family of aircraft as a flying classroom, providing university students and developing professionals with real-world exposure to theoretical concepts in the form of practical flight test instruction. Recently the Jetstream was replaced with a newer Saab-340B. The work in this paper presents an experimental analysis of instruction using the Jetstream, compared with known best practices, to inform its replacement process. Flight activities were observed, and participating students (n = 60) were surveyed at four set intervals to establish their mood and interest towards the module. A pen and paper test, comparing what participants learned compared to a controlled group was also administered. While the module was still able to excite, motivate and re-contextualise previously taught information to students, upgrades to the aging technology suite, specifically to support data analysis and briefing was one of the greatest needs from the newer aircraft.
In this work, we study the Humbert-Edge curves of type 5, defined as a complete intersection of four diagonal quadrics in ${\mathbb{P}}^5$. We characterize them using Kummer surfaces, and using the geometry of these surfaces, we construct some vanishing thetanulls on such curves. In addition, we describe an argument to give an isomorphism between the moduli space of Humbert-Edge curves of type 5 and the moduli space of hyperelliptic curves of genus 2, and we show how this argument can be generalized to state an isomorphism between the moduli space of hyperelliptic curves of genus $g=\frac{n-1}{2}$ and the moduli space of Humbert-Edge curves of type $n\geq 5$ where $n$ is an odd number.
The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of mutation of the cytochrome CYP3A5 genes and transport proteins SLCO1B1 and MDR1 in patients with coronary heart disease in the Kazakh nation. A prospective cohort clinical and genetic study was conducted. The study was conducted in 2017−2019. Medical records containing information about drug prescription conducted in hospitals and outpatient departments were carefully analyzed. In the examined group of 178 patients treated with statins, a significant frequency of genetic variants that determine the increased risk of complications of statin use was revealed. There was a tendency toward an increase in the activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood upon detection of the A6986G mutation of the cytochrome gene and SLCO1B1 (c.521T>C) gene of the transport protein OATP1B1. In the studied Kazakh population, the presence of a homozygous mutant SLCO1B1 gene of the transport protein can be recommended as a genetic marker for the undesirability of using antihypercholesterolemic therapy with statins, which simultaneously leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment and an increase in the risk of side effects.
Despite rising incidences of global disasters, basic principles of disaster medicine training are barely taught in Singapore’s 3 medical schools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current levels of emergency preparedness, attitudes, and perceptions of disaster medicine education among medical students in Singapore.
Methods:
The Emergency Preparedness Information Questionnaire (EPIQ) was provided to enrolled medical students in Singapore by means of an online form, from March 6, 2020, to February 20, 2021. A total of 635 (25.7%) responses were collated and analyzed.
Results:
Mean score for overall familiarity was low, at 1.50 ± 0.74, on a Likert scale of 1 for not familiar to 5 for very familiar. A total of 90.6% of students think that disaster medicine is an important facet of the curriculum, and 93.1% agree that training should be provided for medical students. Although 77.3% of respondents believe that they are unable to contribute to a disaster scenario currently, 92.8% believe that they will be able to contribute with formal training.
Conclusions:
Despite low levels of emergency preparedness knowledge, the majority of medical students in Singapore are keen for adaptation of disaster medicine into the current curriculum to be able to contribute more effectively. This can arm future health-care professionals with the confidence to respond to any potential emergency.
This paper focuses on developing a novel hybrid-haptic (nHH) device with a remote center of rotation with 4 DOFs (degrees of freedom) intendant to be used as a haptic device. The new architecture is composed of two chains handling each one a part of the motions. It has the advantages of a parallel robot as high stiffness and accuracy, and the large workspace of the serial robots. The optimal synthesis of the nHH was performed using real-coded genetic algorithms. The optimization criteria and constraints were established and successively formulated and solved using a mono-objective function. A validation and comparison study were performed between the spherical parallel manipulator and the nHH. The obtained results are promising since the nHH is compared to other similar task devices, such as spherical parallel manipulator, and presents a suitable kinematic performance with a task workspace free singularity inside.
Rewitzerite, K(H2O)Mn2(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10⋅4H2O, is a new monoclinic member of the paulkerrite group, from the Hagendorf-Süd pegmatite, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany. It was found in specimens of altered zwieselite, in association with rockbridgeite. Rewitzerite forms clusters of colourless elongated hexagonal-shaped prisms, up to 0.1 mm long. The crystals are flattened on {010} and elongated along [100], with forms {010}, {001}, {111} and {$\bar{1}$11}. The calculated density is 2.33 g⋅cm–3. Optically, rewitzerite crystals are biaxial (+), with α = 1.585(2), β = 1.586(2), γ = 1.615(2) (measured in white light) and 2V(meas) = 25(2)°. The empirical formula from electron microprobe analyses and structure refinement is A1[K0.77(H2O)0.23]A2[H2O] M1(Mn2+0.82Mg0.64Fe3+0.43□0.11)Σ2.00M2+M3(Al1.51Ti4+1.06Fe3+0.43)Σ3.00(PO4)4X[(OH)0.54F0.42O1.04]Σ2.00(H2O)10⋅4H2O, where □ = vacancy.
Rewitzerite has monoclinic symmetry with space group P21/c and unit-cell parameters a = 10.444(2) Å, b = 20.445(2) Å, c = 12.2690(10)Å, β = 90.17(3)°, V = 2619.8(6) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure was refined using synchrotron single-crystal data to wRobs = 0.068 for 5894 reflections with I > 3σ(I). The crystal structure has the same topology as that for orthorhombic paulkerrite-group minerals but differs primarily in having an ordering of K+ and H2O molecules in different A sites, whereas they are disordered at a single A site in the orthorhombic members of the group.
This article offers a microhistory of a forgotten panic that engulfed the north Indian city of Allahabad in 1870, when the city's European residents began to anticipate a revolt by the native infantry. Rumors of this looming event, I argue, confirmed suspicions that ill-advised income tax legislation and military retrenchment had created a combustible situation. The apparent threat of insurrection was therefore symptomatic of a more systemic ailment: burgeoning distrust between the government of India, local officials, and British civilians. Rather than undertaking counterinsurgent action against dissident Indians or so-called Wahhabi agitators, the central administration attempted to tamp down European critique of its policies. I thereby foreground the government's confrontational relationship with the Anglo-Indian press and analyze its legalistic efforts to police the new telegraph lines that brought the false news of this fictitious mutiny to metropolitan notice.
In the early nineteenth century, a series of articles by Laplace and Poisson discussed the importance of ‘directness’ in mathematical methodology. In this thesis, we argue that their conception of a ‘direct’ proof is similar to the more widely contemplated notion of a ‘pure’ proof. More rigorous definitions of mathematical purity were proposed in recent publications by Arana and Detlefsen, as well as by Kahle and Pulcini: we compare Laplace and Poisson’s writings with these modern definitions of purity and show how the modern definitions fail to grasp some more nuanced aspects.
Spatial–temporal variability of phytoplankton community and potentially harmful species in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara) was investigated from October 2018 to September 2019 together with some environmental factors. A total of 148 phytoplankton taxa were identified during the study period. Among these, 134 taxa (90.5%) consisted of diatoms (71 taxa, 48%) and dinoflagellates (63 taxa, 42.5%), while 14 taxa (9.5%) were other groups. Seventeen species were recorded for the first time in the study area. Species richness was highest in October, while it was lowest in August. The species diversity (H') varied according to sampling stations. Cell abundances were higher especially in the middle and upper estuary in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. The abundance of diatoms and euglenophyceans was highest in spring, while the abundance of raphidophycean and cryptophycean was highest in summer. Temperature was correlated positively with total abundance (P < 0.01), but negatively with species diversity (H') (P < 0.01). Several dense algal blooms causing discolouration in surface water occurred in spring and summer. A total of 12 microalgae species known as potentially toxic were detected during this study period. Among these, dinoflagellates Alexandrium cf. tamarense and Dinophysis infundibulum were recorded for the first time in the study area. The increase in species diversity and richness in the upper estuary, and the decrease in frequency of bloom events compared with the previous years indicated the changes in environmental conditions in this study period. Findings showed that phytoplankton might be used as an indicator of the changing environmental conditions in such ecosystems.
To analyse surgical outcomes of pulmonary artery coarctation in univentricular hearts, focusing on surgical indications and optimal timing.
Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed 49 patients with pulmonary artery coarctation in univentricular hearts treated at our institution between 1993 and 2022. Twenty-eight patients were diagnosed before first-stage palliation. Of these, 14 underwent systemic-pulmonary shunt only as first-stage palliation (Group 1), and 14 underwent systemic-pulmonary shunt plus surgical pulmonary artery plasty as first-stage palliation (Group 2). Twenty-one patients diagnosed after first-stage palliation underwent surgical pulmonary artery plasty at the time of bidirectional Glenn procedure (Group 3).
Results:
Follow-up period after initial palliation was 6±8 years. The Fontan procedure was successful in 35 patients (71%) aged 28±26 months (range 18–139). Freedom from interstage death (Group 1, 53%; Group 2, 85%; Group 3, 93%) and interstage reintervention (Group 1, 50%; Group 2, 75%; Group 3, 73%) rates were significantly lower in Group 1 (p = 0.01). Five and four patients in Group 1 and Group 3, respectively, needed additional shunts before the bidirectional Glenn procedure. In Group 1, one patient with a non-confluent pulmonary artery achieved hemi-lung Fontan circulation. In Group 2, one patient suffering with a non-confluent pulmonary artery could not achieve Fontan circulation, whereas another patient with pulmonary venous obstruction achieved hemi-lung Fontan circulation.
Conclusions:
Surgical pulmonary artery plasty performed at first-stage palliation improved outcomes of pulmonary artery coarctation in univentricular hearts, particularly when pulmonary artery coarctation had already progressed during the neonatal period or early infancy.
This article presents an augmented deep factor model that generates latent factors for cross-sectional asset pricing. The conventional security sorting on firm characteristics for constructing long–short factor portfolio weights is nonlinear modeling, while factors are treated as inputs in linear models. We provide a structural deep-learning framework to generalize the complete mechanism for fitting cross-sectional returns by firm characteristics through generating risk factors (hidden layers). Our model has an economic-guided objective function that minimizes aggregated realized pricing errors. Empirical results on high-dimensional characteristics demonstrate robust asset pricing performance and strong investment improvements by identifying important raw characteristic sources.
In 1978, the theory behind helminth parasites having the potential to regulate the abundance of their host populations was formalized based on the understanding that those helminth macroparasites that reduce survival or fecundity of the infected host population would be among the forces limiting unregulated host population growth. Now, 45 years later, a phenomenal breadth of factors that directly or indirectly affect the host–helminth interaction has emerged. Based largely on publications from the past 5 years, this review explores the host–helminth interaction from three lenses: the perspective of the helminth, the host, and the environment. What biotic and abiotic as well as social and intrinsic host factors affect helminths? What are the negative, and positive, implications for host populations and communities? What are the larger-scale implications of the host–helminth dynamic on the environment, and what evidence do we have that human-induced environmental change will modify this dynamic? The overwhelming message is that context is everything. Our understanding of second-, third-, and fourth-level interactions is extremely limited, and we are far from drawing generalizations about the myriad of microbe-helminth-host interactions.Yet the intricate, co-evolved balance and complexity of these interactions may provide a level of resilience in the face of global environmental change. Hopefully, this albeit limited compilation of recent research will spark new interdisciplinary studies, and application of the One Health approach to all helminth systems will generate new and testable conceptual frameworks that encompass our understanding of the host–helminth–environment triad.
Bael is an important sub-tropical fruit crop in family Rutaceae that is widely distributed throughout South-East Asia. For local communities, the nutritious composition of its fruits and leaves offers tremendous economic and social possibilities to exploit. However, its underutilized status, as well as man-made threats to its natural habitat, make it imperative to implement concrete strategies for its cultivation and conservation. To fully grasp the ability of this adaptable fruit tree for human health and environmental well-being, it is necessary to characterize the genetic diversity. The goal of this study was to use morphological (13 quantitative traits), biochemical (9 attributes) and molecular (10 SRAP primers) characterization to evaluate 24 bael genotypes from two agroecological zones of India. Fruit and pulp weight ranged from 79.0– to 1478.8 g and 15.0– to 894.3 g with mean values of 448.67 and 233.3 g, respectively. Traits such as fruit, pulp, and seed weight (g), fruit length (cm) and width (cm), number of fruits per tree, number of seeds per fruit, shell weight (g) and shell thickness (mm) recorded highly significant differences. High phenol (11.65–24.38 mg GAE/g fw) and flavonoid (12.32–74.63 mg CE/g fw) content was observed in fruit pulp indicating significant antioxidant potential of this fruit. Several morphological and biochemical characters were found to have significant positive correlations. Principal component analysis revealed that first five components contributed 96.76% to total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis separated the populations into two distinct clusters, while analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) using SRAP markers revealed that 70% of the total marker variation was due to interpopulation variance, while 30% was attributed to intrapopulation.
This article focuses on a multibody model of a new passive articulated suspension tracked robot. The model of the vehicle is developed using the multibody software MSC Adams (acronym for automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems) in conjunction with the Adams Tracked Vehicle toolkit. The various subsystems that make up the vehicle assembly are described, with particular attention to the modeling strategies of the swing arms that constitute the suspension system and the characterization of the track belt. The multibody model allows the system performance to be evaluated in advance for fine-tuning of the design parameters and using different configurations, for example, with active and locked suspension. Efforts are also presented to validate the multibody twin against the real prototype, showing a good agreement with field experiments. Once validated, the digital twin is used to assess the performance of the innovative suspension system in various challenging environments.
Discrete vortex rings impinging on concave hemispherical cavities were explored experimentally. Planar laser-induced fluorescence, two-dimensional particle image velocimetry and flow visualization techniques were employed. Five different ratios of vortex ring to hemisphere cavity radius ($\gamma$) were investigated, namely, $\gamma = 1/4,1/3,2/5,$$1/2, 2/3$. For $\gamma = 1/4,1/3, 2/5$, the geometric confinement of the primary ring due to the hemispherical cavity induced loop-like instabilities in the secondary ring, which led to head-on collision and ejection of the looped ends as they orbited the primary ring. As the hemispherical cavity decreased in diameter (increasing $\gamma$), the dynamics were altered significantly due to the increased generation of vorticity along the edge of the hemisphere. For $\gamma = 1/2$, vorticity produced at the edge/lip of the hemisphere ultimately disrupted the classical formation of a secondary vortex ring from the wall-bounded vorticity. For $\gamma = 2/3$, the primary ring and hemisphere radius were close enough in size that the interaction was dominated by direct impact of the primary ring with the lip of the cavity. The primary vortex ring produced a vortex ring at the lip of the hemisphere that ultimately separated from the cavity, orbited around the primary ring, and then self-advected in the direction opposite to the primary vortex ring trajectory. A detailed investigation of the dynamics provided.