Wars make states, but the conclusion of conflict is critical for the trajectory of state-building that follows. At the end of World War II, both conservatives and progressives in the United States recognized the potential for ongoing statist development fueled by the wartime introduction of mass taxation and the expansion of regulatory intervention into the lives of citizens and the activities of firms. Entrenched traditions of anti-statism in American politics resurfaced forcefully only to encounter the new threats of a nuclear-capable Soviet Union and the onset of what came to be known as the Cold War. This conjuncture both reoriented and fractured trajectories of state development, leading to reliance on mechanisms – capitation, categorical eligibility, regulation of organizations, and limited duration – that enabled expansive federal intervention in the form of funds attached to rules but minimized the construction of new bureaucratic organization. These governing practices are evident in both the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (the G.I. Bill) and the European Recovery Act of 1948 (the Marshall Plan). The result was the development of a powerful postwar state that was deeply marked by anti-statist politics, a configuration that shaped future waves of both policy expansion and openings for renewed efforts to constrain the capacity of the American state.

While critical literature sought to expand the agenda of a reflexive approach to democratic peace, it does not explain how reflexivity can be carried to the public, particularly in times of public deception, and what practical tools theorists hold, qua public intellectuals, to advance this objective. This article argues that classical realism, Hans Morgenthau’s work in particular, can amend this lacuna. Morgenthau’s signpost of ‘interest defined in terms of power’ arms critical scholars with an important tool to retain the premises of Kantian democratic peace; that is, it helps preserve an open public sphere where the public can deliberate the nation’s fundamental interests and values spatio-temporally, and offer democratic control. The significance of this contribution is twofold: first, public reflexivity is key in times of deception because in these times scholars who seek to influence elites find themselves in the paradoxical position of renouncing reflexivity or risking irrelevance. Second, in the absence of an open public sphere where social solidarity and meaning can be formed spatio-temporally, deception feeds into an environment of mistrust and alienation that renders democracy ripe for demagogues.

While community engagement (CE) has been increasing in the mental and behavioral health fields, evaluation of CE remains a challenge. Currently, there are no published evaluation tools that assess frequency of engagement, and many CE measures are not based on established engagement theories. Based on the International Association for Public Participation’s CE continuum, the CE team of the Mental and Behavioral Health Institute (MBHI) at a large pediatric hospital developed a system of measurement to describe frequency of engagement across eight initiatives. This tool, the Frequency of Active Community Engagement (FACE) measure, was administered to the leaders of each of the participating MBHI teams. FACE summarized CE frequencies for three target populations (youth, caregivers, and community members) for each team. Follow-up team meetings provided additional descriptive information for the development of CE goals. In this special communication, we describe this data collection approach, CE results, as well as future directions and potential uses for FACE as an evaluation tool.

The National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program (All of Us or program) aims to better understand the complexity of diseases, prevention and treatment at the individual level. To accomplish this, one of the program components is to build a longitudinal cohort of one million or more volunteers in the United States and its territories through which clinical, environmental, genetic, and behavioral data are collected. Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) play a crucial role in enrolling participants in the program and while FQHCs have the dedication, leadership, and wherewithal to operationalize a national longitudinal data collection, their local resources are limited by funding and scope for conducting research. This paper describes the evolution of FQHC research landscape, from building capacity for descriptive, to exploratory operational research, and moving toward biomedical research. As programs such as All of Us continue to ensure that focus on precision medicine is reflected in both data collection and research, continuing to advance the research landscape within health centers is crucial. By developing this capacity, we are developing a research infrastructure that will continue to grow, supporting advancements in precision medicine for improving health outcomes.

We investigated the response of experienced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis physicians to patient-based evidence pertaining to health communication. Fifteen expert amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) physicians participated in an in-person focus group. Focusing on clinical feasibility and first-hand experience, participants discussed recommendations from people with ALS and caregivers for improving communication. Data were qualitatively analyzed using conventional content analysis. Findings demonstrated shared and differing perspectives, and communication challenges. Findings suggest a difference in perspective centered on how to achieve the shared goal of patient-centered communication. We discuss asymmetry between healthcare professional perspectives and patient-based evidence, and opportunities for alignment that will advance effective health communication.

Using model-free skewness measures that exploit the asymmetry in semivariances and option data from the over-the-counter currency market, we find that buying currencies with a high skewness risk premium (SRP) and selling currencies with a low SRP generates high returns and a Sharpe ratio. Asset pricing tests—which control for omitted variables and measurement errors—show that a SRP factor enters the currency pricing kernel and is central to the pricing of risks inherent in a broad currency cross section of 60 portfolio excess returns. These results imply that skewness risk is a strong and priced source of currency risk.

In this article, we call for a more inclusive field of I-O psychology that extends its consideration toward all workers—including nonhuman animal workers—as worthy of study and advocacy. Although many fields in psychology already incorporate nonhuman animals in their theories and implications, I-O has largely overlooked the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of these individuals, who engage in tasks that contribute to society. To demonstrate the intertwined nature of animal and human work, we summarize the variety of occupations and tasks that nonhuman animals have had within the history of humans. These animals have worked alongside humans for millennia, filling similar or complementary jobs that human workers perform. Although the nature of animal works varies, spanning different work dimensions, I-O psychology content areas address challenges found within each of the dimensions. We present a “work dimensions” framework that helps identify when an individual is a “worker” from the lens of I-O psychology. This framework highlights how the same critical work constructs considered for humans can likewise be considered for nonhuman labor. We describe several ways that a nonhuman animal-inclusive I-O can benefit the field along research, educational, and policy dimensions. By considering work along its fundamental characteristics and workers along their mental properties, I-O psychology can become more inclusive of a wide range of individuals at the margins of society.

This paper challenges the notion of emergent time in quantum cosmology by examining the reconciliation of the timeless Wheeler–DeWitt equation with the Universe’s dynamical evolution. We critically evaluate the analogy between the Wheeler–DeWitt and Klein–Gordon equations, highlighting challenges for the identification of an emergent time parameter. We conclude that refining this analogy may lead to a better understanding of emergent time in quantum cosmology, though it is still not free from complications.

This article explores the relationship(s) between ‘madness’, emotion and the archive in early modern England, taking as its case study the letters of British Library Lansdowne MS vol. 99, sent between c. 1570 and c. 1600 to the government of Elizabethan England and annotated at several stages in their history to describe their authors and contents as ‘mad’. Firstly, by examining the complex history of the archive, it demonstrates the potential for archival practices to bring into focus, and thereby facilitate historical examination of, past emotion. Secondly, it explores some of the ethical and methodological problems of third-party historical descriptions of madness, demonstrating that a focus on emotion – in particular ‘distress’ – offers a more fruitful path to understanding the significance of this material. Thirdly, it explores the Lansdowne 99 authors’ experiences of distress, revealing the ways distressed subjects exercised rhetorical agency when petitioning those in power. It identifies a series of prominent themes: desperation and deservingness; victimhood and persecution; and appeals to status and lineage. Ultimately, I argue that understanding their distress not only brings us closer to marginalised people in the past, but grants us a richer knowledge of past societies and the experience of being human in them.

We investigate some variants of the splitting, reaping, and independence numbers defined using asymptotic density. Specifically, we give a proof of Con($\mathfrak {i}<\mathfrak {s}_{1/2}$), Con($\mathfrak {r}_{1/2}<\mathfrak {b}$), and Con($\mathfrak {i}_*<2^{\aleph _0}$). This answers two questions raised in [5]. Besides, we prove the consistency of $\mathfrak {s}_{1/2}^{\infty } < $ non$(\mathcal {E})$ and cov$(\mathcal {E}) < \mathfrak {r}_{1/2}^{\infty }$, where $\mathcal {E}$ is the $\sigma $-ideal generated by closed sets of measure zero.

Two salient notions of sameness of theories are synonymy, aka definitional equivalence, and bi-interpretability. Of these two definitional equivalence is the strictest notion. In which cases can we infer synonymy from bi-interpretability? We study this question for the case of sequential theories. Our result is as follows. Suppose that two sequential theories are bi-interpretable and that the interpretations involved in the bi-interpretation are one-dimensional and identity preserving. Then, the theories are synonymous.

The crucial ingredient of our proof is a version of the Schröder–Bernstein theorem under very weak conditions. We think this last result has some independent interest.

We provide an example to show that this result is optimal. There are two finitely axiomatized sequential theories that are bi-interpretable but not synonymous, where precisely one of the interpretations involved in the bi-interpretation is not identity preserving.

This article explores how the new generation of legalistic autocrats consolidates power—not by committing mass human rights violations as a way of consolidating power as authoritarians of the twentieth century did, but instead by attacking checks and balances so that democratic institutions are weakened. Judges at transnational courts, faced with evidence of these attacks, are developing a jurisprudence through which they transform the vindication of individual rights into requirements that states maintain democratic structures. While it is not clear if this jurisprudence prevents backsliding, it may become useful as new democrats attempt to restore constitutional institutions using these decisions as guidelines for democratic reform. In doing so, new democrats would be giving meaning to the rule of law writ large.

It is both unavoidable and rational to form beliefs on the basis of testimony. But whose testimony should I trust? To whom would it be rational to outsource my beliefs? In this paper, I explore the role (if any) that intellectual virtues might play in rational belief formation on the basis of testimony. I begin by considering Linda Zagzebski’s proposed intellectual virtue of being able to recognize reliable authority. I argue that this quality, which is surely an excellence, is better categorized as a skill than a virtue. Then I explore whether other intellectual virtues contribute to assessing the reliability of a testifier. I consider two options: the role of virtues in (1) directly assessing a testifier and (2) indirectly assessing a testifier. With respect to (1), I follow Neil Levy and argue that such assessment requires like expertise to the testifier as opposed to intellectual virtue. With respect to (2), I argue that intellectual virtues are helpful in performing indirect assessment and they enable us to avoid social structures that undermine our ability to perform this assessment. Given that we all must form beliefs on the basis of testimony, this role for intellectual virtues is of great importance.

The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled, in Case C-670/22 Staatsanwaltschaft Berlin v M.N. (EncroChat), that a public prosecutor’s office may also request a European Investigation Order without a court order to obtain encrypted data from another EU Member State, and use it as evidence in cross-border crimes and criminal cases. The decision resolved a dispute between German courts regarding the compatibility and legality of gathering and using data from an encrypted communication network named “EncroChat,” in a drug trafficking and cybercrime investigation by the French authorities as evidence in criminal cases. The case note analyses how the CJEU interprets the European Investigation Directive regarding the admissibility of evidence in court and assesses whether the ruling adequately safeguards the defendant’s rights and provides a fair trial under EU law. The case note analyses the implications of C-670/22-M.N. (EncroChat) for cross-border crime prosecution and judicial cooperation across the EU, and it discusses how it could lead to the establishment of new modality for evidence admissibility under the European Investigation Directive.

EvalHCID is a clinical decision support system integrating outbreak intelligence, symptom onset, and epidemiologic risk factors to identify high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs) (eg, Ebola). Tested among 20 emergency department (ED) providers, it significantly reduced assessment time, lowered misclassification, and scored “excellent” usability. EvalHCID may improve institutional preparedness and patient outcomes for emerging infectious disease threats.

It is often claimed that public history represents a democratisation of historical knowledge, but how is “the public” being imagined here? This short article provides a report from a collaborative, student–staff research project that investigated how key stakeholders involved in public history—students, academics, and heritage professionals—understood their publics. It reflects on two key themes that emerged from the testimonies: issues of inclusion and positionality. We analyse a selection of telling cases, situating these extracts in the context of financial pressures, neo-liberal marketisation and the politicisation of DEI agendas. We suggest that there is a need for more open, reflexive, and cross-disciplinary dialogue between different stakeholders about the various publics they construct and engage.

This review comprehensively examines the current evidence on the dietary management of chronic constipation, and the dietary recommendations presented in clinical guidelines for chronic constipation. Several randomised controlled trials (RCT) have investigated the effect of dietary supplements, foods and drinks in chronic constipation. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these RCTs have demonstrated that psyllium supplements, specific probiotic supplements, magnesium oxide supplements, kiwifruits, prunes, rye bread and high mineral water content may be effective in the management of constipation. However, despite the plethora of evidence, current clinical guidelines only offer a limited number of dietary recommendations. The most commonly recommended dietary strategy in clinical guidelines is dietary fibre, followed by senna supplements and psyllium supplements. The least commonly recommended dietary strategies are magnesium oxide, Chinese herbal supplements, prunes and high mineral-content water. Several evidence-based dietary strategies are omitted by current clinical guidelines (e.g. kiwifruits), while some strategies that are recommended are not always supported by evidence (e.g. insoluble fibre supplement). Dietary recommendations in clinical guidelines can also be ambiguous, lacking outcome-specific recommendations and information for appropriate implementation. Future RCTs are needed to assess currently under-investigated dietary approaches that are nevertheless commonly recommended, and future clinical guidelines should include dietary recommendations supported by available evidence.