This study investigates how reading proficiency in an orthographically opaque foreign language (L2 English) modulates word recognition and decoding strategies of Italian adolescents with and without developmental dyslexia (DD), whose native language orthography is highly transparent. The size of the visual and phonological units that are processed while reading is modulated by the orthographic depth of the language being read. In the case of early biliterate readers, reading strategies are characterized by cross-linguistic transfer. It is an open question whether this is also the case for late biliterate bilinguals, and whether such cross-linguistic modulations are also discernible in the presence of dyslexia-related impairments, such as phonological and visual attentional span deficits. By means of eye-tracking, this study shows that cross-linguistic interactions in the reading system also emerge in late biliterates, though this effect is limited in individuals with DD.

Immanuel Kant maintains that lying is always impermissible, since moral norms are categorical imperatives that admit of no exceptions. Yet this strict position conflicts with a widely shared intuition that lying may be permissible in certain exceptional cases. This article develops a revisionary Kantian proposal that accommodates this intuition while preserving the categorical character of moral norms. Central to this proposal is a default-and-exemption account of moral responsibility: The prohibition on lying applies universally, making agents morally responsible by default. This default condition, however, may be overridden if justifiable reasons for exemption exist.

Considering the welfare of animals used in research is crucial for both the validity of the results obtained and for the social acceptance of animal research. In Europe, the majority of the 5,784 primates currently used for scientific purposes are macaques (Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta). Inadequate housing conditions can lead to various physiological and behavioural alterations that indicate poor welfare and can impact upon the quality of the data collected. Although there are a number of documents that summarise scientific knowledge on welfare issues and describe the basic needs of macaques, a specific and comprehensive welfare evaluation tool is lacking for the two aforementioned species when housed in a research context. The objective of the Primate Welfare INdicators (PWIN) project is to develop a welfare assessment tool for macaques used in scientific research, through the adaptation of the existing AWIN protocol for farm animals. PWIN aims to provide an objective lifelong assessment of macaque welfare, with repeated evaluations taking place not only during studies but also before and after experimental procedures. The tool comprises an evaluation of macaque housing, nutrition, health and behaviour, complemented by behavioural observations using 10-min continuous focal sampling. PWIN will support ethical research practices, facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, and enhance information transparency during inspections and project authorisation processes. Beyond tool development, this research seeks to encourage laboratory teams, including researchers, caretakers, and veterinarians, to regularly monitor macaque welfare at the individual level. The imperative to enhance animal welfare considerations in scientific research aligns with European legislation and the 3Rs principle. By establishing a versatile, species-specific method, this research aims to improve existing practices and support ethical, sustainable primate research.

This article discusses the accessibility of sensory experience in archaeological research by proposing an approach that articulates the role imagination plays in the investigation of empirical data from the distant past. Building on interdisciplinary work in sensory studies, this article argues that sensory experiences are both culturally constructed and biologically mediated, emphasizing how the dynamic interplay between perception and materiality reveals the values embedded in ancient sensory-based desires. The author concludes by applying the theoretical and methodological approaches discussed throughout to a case study on ancient Egyptian head cones, demonstrating how archaeology can uncover the complex and consequential nature of ancient sensory experience. Sensory archaeology may advance not only by developing new ways to answer questions, but by reconsidering how we ask them.

The Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List because of illegal hunting, trafficking and habitat loss across its range. Although previously reported from many parts of Nepal, its presence in Sunsari district has remained unverified. We documented the first photographic evidence of the Chinese pangolin in Sunsari district through a short-term camera-trap survey in Panchakanya forest, a sacred but highly disturbed community forest in the Siwalik foothills. Two camera traps were rotated over 14 nights at selected trails and burrows in January 2025. After 7 nights, a male Chinese pangolin was recorded, confirming the species’ presence for the first time in this district. Field observations indicated abundant foraging signs linked to soft, moist soils supporting ant and termite colonies, aligning with the pangolin’s specialized diet and burrowing habits. This confirmed record increases the number of districts in which the Chinese pangolin has been documented in Nepal to 28. The presence of the Chinese pangolin in a fragmented, disturbed sacred forest highlights both the adaptability of this pangolin and the conservation value of culturally protected community forests outside protected areas.

High-quality bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] forage production is a vital component of southeastern U.S. agriculture. Previous research indicates that environmental stresses like elevated CO2 may significantly affect crop productivity, weed competitiveness, and ecological shifts. Although the effects of elevated CO2 on C4 plants like bermudagrass could be marginal, the growth, vigor, and herbicide tolerance of C3 weeds can be affected profoundly. In the final 2 yr of a 7-yr study investigating the effects of management practices and elevated CO2 levels on bermudagrass forage production, we aimed to evaluate how these treatments impacted weed competition and diversity. From 2018 to 2025, bermudagrass was grown in a coarse-textured soil bin at the USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory in Auburn, AL. Open-top chambers delivered either ambient or elevated CO2 (+ 200 mg kg−1), and plots were either managed annually with fertilizer and herbicide or left unmanaged. In the final 2 yr, elevated CO2 had no significant effect on total biomass production (bermudagrass + weeds), but in unmanaged plots, elevated CO2 resulted in a significantly greater proportion of weeds. While some C4 grasses and sedges were observed in this experiment, most weed species were C3. Consequently, C3 species dominance was generally high, especially in managed plots exposed to elevated CO2. Weeds were observed and identified in all plots, but those managed with fertilizer and herbicide had a greater proportion of bermudagrass plants to weeds, as well as lower weed densities. Species diversity indices yielded significantly greater species richness under elevated CO2 conditions. Moreover, we observed greater weed diversity with elevated CO2, which was exacerbated without proper nutrient and weed management. This provides compelling evidence that substantial shifts in weed diversity could occur due to environmental change factors like elevated CO2 and the lack of a proper crop management program.

This study examines the role of families in preserving cultural identity and moral values amid globalisation, employing a mixed-methods approach, the research highlights how cultural identity and moral values can instil environmental responsibility and help generations to embrace the principle of sustainability. A survey with 208 respondents and 13 in-depth interviews were conducted in the community of the UAE Higher Education, in the United Arab Emirates. The key findings reveal that families remain the cornerstone of preserving values and cultural identity by promoting environmental responsibility. However, globalisation, particularly through social media and globalised education, threatens familial cohesion. Furthermore, the study highlights the duality of globalisation as both a disruptor and a potential enabler of hybrid cultural frameworks, calling for policy interventions to regulate digital content and promote sustainability, environmental responsibility and cultural awareness, while emphasising collaborative efforts across families, educators and policymakers. Through bridging the empirical gaps, this research offers actionable insights for sustaining cultural resilience in an interconnected world.

Mathematical modeling projects consequences of disasters based on algorithms and parameters, with explicit assumptions that can be varied to explore potential variation in outcomes. Modeling of mechanical trauma, thermal burn, and ionizing radiation injuries due to nuclear detonations has been used at the Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (HHS/ASPR) to inform needs assessments for medical countermeasures. Physiological modeling for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) projects outcomes of injury from ionizing radiation combined with mechanical trauma and/or thermal burns including effects on physical capabilities, which are used to evaluate the population consequences of nuclear detonations. Public health response modeling explores the effects of variation in operational practices such as triage and allocation of resources for treatment, which informs decisions and practices toward improvement in planning for response to nuclear detonations. Research can inform assumptions and algorithms of modeling, and strategic use of modeling can further inform planning for such topics as shielding, survival, and survivor behavior like sheltering and evacuation.

The settlement imposed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus in 196 after the Second Macedonian War effectively restricted Macedonia to its ancient boundaries. However, Philip V rebuilt Macedonian power and influence relatively quickly. His success in doing so naturally provoked fear and apprehension among his neighbours, particularly those states which had been rivals of the Macedonian kings in central Greece for centuries. These fears resulted in concerted diplomatic efforts in the mid-180s when a series of embassies from the central Greek states, as well as Pergamum and the Thracian cities of Aenus and Maronea, arrived in Rome to lodge complaints against the Macedonian king; Philip, of course, sent his own envoys to explain and justify his activities. Both ancient sources and modern scholarship take Rome’s response to these embassies – the dispatch of a series of commissions and ultimately declarations that Philip should vacate the cities which he had occupied – as indicative of a desire to limit and even humiliate Philip V and Macedonia. In this article, I examine Rome’s responses to the Greek embassies to show that they were not motivated so much by a desire to weaken Macedonia as by a desire to maintain post-war settlements.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination access is complicated by insurance coverage limitations. This two-week study showed that at least 75% of eligible older adults were covered by Medicare Part D, which restricts vaccine administration to retail pharmacies. This increases complexity of care coordination, may decrease vaccination rates, and highlights the need for expanded vaccine coverage.

The Imjin War resulted in numerous Koreans being captured and transported to Japan as captives. This study examines the experiences of these captives, including scholars, potters, farmers and artisans, focusing on their transition from ordinary to war captives, and their subsequent lives in Japan, mainly in Kyushu and western Japan. Drawing on diverse sources such as Korean envoys’ diaries, captives’ memoirs and local Japanese records, this research investigates the allocation processes and living conditions of captives in Japan. The study identifies three primary transportation routes significantly influencing captives’ fates: sale to Japanese slave merchants, selective transfers by samurai and daimyo, and large-scale wartime relocations. Furthermore, it reveals that wartime mobilisation in Japan led to a shortage of administrative personnel, unexpectedly affording some captives relative freedom of movement. This freedom enabled them to establish social networks and integrate more effectively into Japanese society, offering new insights into captives’ adaptation to alien environments.

In 2021, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), an umbrella organization mobilizing a network of sectoral initiatives for climate action, was launched to ‘transform the global financial system.’ In part due to its efforts, hundreds of global financial companies joined and collectively committed to net-zero emissions reduction targets. But the momentum was short-lived: in the ensuing years, internal and external challenges led to defections, the reconfiguration of GFANZ, and the collapse of affiliate alliances. Such a pattern rests uneasily with theories of change like the norm cascade, which asserts that exponential uptake is a prelude to resilience, not fragility. In this paper, I argue that cases such as GFANZ may be better described as a ‘hype cycle’ rather than a norm cascade, where ambiguity and uncertainty limit normative and calculative reasoning; actors refer to each other’s behavior as an indication of what to do; and time limits incentivize participation to avoid being left behind. I demonstrate the validity of this account through an analysis of three GFANZ-affiliated alliances (the Net-Zero Insurance Alliance, the Net-Zero Banking Alliance, and the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiative), and their episodes of membership growth and decline.

This article examines the circulation of expertise and armaments across and beyond the Hispanic world as a result of the Imjin War. Fear of an invasion from Hideyoshi’s Japan prompted the viceroyalty of New Spain – responsible for the Philippine Islands – to transport Hispanic foundries to Manila. These foundries made use of the labour and expertise of Chinese and Filipino artisans, further mediated by Catholic religious orders, to cast new bronze cannons combining American and Asian metals. Chinese craftsmen then brought this technical experience to Beijing in 1615 to make artillery pieces for the Wanli emperor modelled on those produced at the Manila foundry. These weapons were used to defend the Ming Empire’s northern borders. The Manila cannons also made their way eastward to the American continent and were installed at the important port of Veracruz to aid in the defence of the waterways linking the Hispanic Atlantic and Caribbean.

This article details the early twentieth-century emergence of chaplains in the New York Police Department (NYPD), the first police chaplains in the United States. Chaplains would eventually be seen as a crucial part of many American institutions, including the military and law enforcement, but initially the prospect of chaplains in the NYPD seemed strange, even a joke. Through attention to newspapers, published city records, and denominational publications, this article argues that police chaplains emerged when they did because the role helped the NYPD address two problems that were top of mind for its critics as it attempted to modernize and professionalize: officer misconduct and the department’s fraught relationship with certain religious communities. However, it also argues that chaplaincy roles offered a way for the NYPD to address these problems from within and on its own political and racial terms. These appointments bolstered the power of the department even as they cemented the link of police to emerging “tri-faith” conceptions of American religion.

Does distrust in politically affiliated media induce a bias in investor beliefs? We study the acquisition of Dow Jones & Co. by News Corporation in 2007 as a shock to the political affiliation of Dow Jones outlets. Following the acquisition, the prices of Republican- (Democrat-) aligned stocks become less sensitive to favorable (unfavorable) Dow Jones Newswires (DJNW) sentiment, consistent with the market attaching less credibility to a politically affiliated source. There is, however, no evidence of change in DJNW sentiment, coverage, or language about Republican/Democrat stocks, suggesting a loss of stock price informativeness. Consistent with this view, a portfolio exploiting the attenuated reaction to DJNW news earns abnormal returns following 2007.

We present the case of a 14-year-old male patient referred to paediatric cardiology for the incidental finding of a cardiac murmur and initially diagnosed with asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Due to deterioration in his functional class (NYHA II/IV), he was admitted to our institution for further evaluation. A hyperechoic mass measuring 35.7 mm × 39.4 mm was identified in the interventricular septum, with central vascularisation and a significant obstructive gradient in the right ventricular outflow tract (112 mmHg). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a highly vascularised lesion, hyperintense on HASTE, T1, and T2 sequences, with an extracellular volume of 67%, consistent with a cardiac haemangioma. Coronary CT angiography demonstrated perfusion by a septal branch of the left anterior descending artery. Given the anatomical involvement and the low feasibility of surgical management, cardiac catheterisation with embolisation of the septal branch using an Interlock Coil occlusion device was performed. Post-procedure angiography confirmed complete occlusion. Cardiac tumours in paediatrics are rare and generally benign, with haemangiomas being one of the least common neoplasms. Diagnosis relies on non-invasive imaging techniques, with echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging playing crucial roles. In this case, the combination of echocardiography, coronary CT angiography, and catheterisation allowed for a comprehensive characterisation of the lesion and the development of a therapeutic strategy while minimising risks. The patient remains stable under follow-up. This multidisciplinary approach optimises the management of paediatric cardiac tumours, enabling individualised therapeutic options.

While studies suggest that maternal smartphone use causes disruptions to mother–infant interactions and distress to the infant, little work currently explores how mother–infant dyads co-regulate after periods of technoference, or how different modes of smartphone use impact co-regulation strategies within the dyad. This pilot study used a modified still-face paradigm to explore differential impacts of texting and phone call on mother–infant emotion regulation behavioral strategies after technoference. We recruited 46 mother–infant dyads, living in Scotland, where the infant was aged 3–6 months old. Linear modeling identified that after a phone call, synchronous negative affect significantly increased compared to free play (t(131) = 3.26, p < .01, d = .68), while after texting, synchronous negative affect was significantly higher still (t(131) = 7.03, p < .001, d = 1.47). Conversely, synchronous positive affect significantly reduced after a phone call compared to free play (t(131) = −4.42, p < .001, d = −0.92) and significantly reduced further still after texting (t(131) = −6.69, p < .001, d = −1.40). This has direct implications for maternal support and education, suggesting that communicating using audio functions rather than texting has the potential to reduce experiences of mother–infant negative affect after episodes of technoference.

The Imjin War (1592–8), precipitated by Japan’s invasion of the Korean peninsula, was the largest armed conflict in the world in the later sixteenth century and saw the mobilisation of vast human, natural and commodity resources. Yet despite its dwarfing contemporary conflicts in scale, there has been little attention paid to the war’s impact on the technological priorities of the three combatant East Asian states, as well as its influence on resource allocation, the circulation of knowledge and the formation of collective memory. Moreover, the conflict’s reverberating impact on Iberian actors in East Asia and on European perceptions of East Asia has only been given scant attention. This special section puts into conversation diverse – yet intersecting – fields through a consciously eclectic lineup of scholars to explore the material construction and deconstruction of memory, the emergence of new lifeways and pathways of knowledge circulation, and the personal and political responses to violence and the prospect of further conflict within and well beyond East Asia. Collectively, these articles map an atypical geography, tracing the reverberations of the conflict beyond the combatant countries and into the Hispanic Caribbean and beyond.