A potentially powerful argument for police abolition appeals to root causes of crime. The root causes of crime are (e.g.) poverty and inequality caused by capitalism. By targeting crime at the roots, we can render the police obsolete and abolish them. I argue here that the root cause argument fails. Despite the suggestive metaphor, the fundamental causes of crime are deep and valuable, or in other words not uproot-able. They are essential to us, or we have good reason not to uproot them. To show this, I develop some simple models or recipes for crime inspired by Thomas Hobbes’s model of conflict in the state of nature and by contemporary theories of crime. The models suggest that at best we can manage these causes, and in turn the resulting crime. There is, however, no hope of fundamental reforms that do away with the need for social monitoring and sanctioning, or policing.

The Fremouw Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains preserves the southernmost record of Early to Middle Triassic terrestrial ecosystems that developed in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Although the well-studied vertebrate fossil assemblage in the lower member of the Fremouw Formation provides a detailed snapshot of subpolar ecosystems immediately following the end-Permian mass extinction, the nature of how long these earliest Triassic communities persisted at the southern extremes of Pangaea is virtually unknown. Importantly, the timing and extent of the major faunal turnover between the lower and upper members of the Fremouw Formation have been obscured by the paucity of fossil specimens historically recovered from the middle member. Here, we describe the first vertebrate assemblage from the middle member of the Fremouw Formation, including occurrences of procolophonids (including Procolophon trigoniceps) and archosauromorphs (including Prolacerta broomi), as well as infilled vertebrate burrow casts referrable to the ichnogenus Reniformichnus. We also summarize and expand on lithostratigraphic shifts between the lower, middle and upper members of the Fremouw Formation. Although the sample size of vertebrate body fossils is small compared to the lower and upper members of the Fremouw Formation, we discuss the evidence for a taphonomic shift between the lower and middle members of the Fremouw Formation that favours preservation of smaller-bodied taxa and individuals in the latter. Together, these preliminary data add crucial context to the persistence of subpolar vertebrate communities in the earliest Mesozoic.

This article examines the creation in the early 1710s of a library at the Dublin military hospital for old soldiers known as the Royal Hospital Kilmainham (RHK). It shows that the library was created after an appeal by the master of the RHK, describes the books in the collection, and examines the gifts from a significant pool of seventy-one high-status men and women across Ireland from which the collection was constructed. It considers why the library was created at this time and its use during the two centuries that would elapse before the final closure of the hospital in the wake of Irish independence. This article is the first ever examination of the physical books and makes significant use of the minute books of the board of the RHK and its sub-committees, manuscript records that historians have tended to assume were lost or destroyed after the evacuation of British troops from the twenty-six counties.

In Mandarin Chinese, numeral classifiers form a grammatical category that is syntactically obligatory when a noun is modified by a numeral or a demonstrative. The appropriate choice of a classifier is associated with the semantic properties of its corresponding noun and is context dependent. Experience with language is needed to learn these patterns, but little is known about how classifiers are structured in children’s language environments. We compared the frequency and distribution of classifier phrases in four corpora: child-directed speech, children’s television shows, children’s books, and adult-directed speech. Classifier usage in children’s books was more diverse than in both child-directed and adult speech. Books contained more specific classifiers that co-occurred with a higher proportion of unique nouns, whereas everyday speech relied on more generic classifiers. Books therefore provide access to classifier–noun combinations that are rare in speech. Implications for language development and language processing are discussed.

For survivors of domestic violence, public safety net benefits, including housing, food, and cash assistance, are often critical resources in establishing independent, safe lives. Using a reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative data from a local housing programme collected from August 2023 to January 2024, this study explores the intersection of trauma-informed care (TIC) and administrative burden within public safety net programmes for survivors of domestic violence. Findings demonstrate that barriers to accessing and participating in the public safety net, including learning, compliance, and psychological costs, hinder survivors’ recovery and stability, and clash with TIC principles. Conversely, TIC-aligned practices at the local housing programme, including strong case management, peer support, and flexible programming, mitigate these challenges. Research and policy implications related to how the integration of TIC principles can ease administrative burden in the public safety net are discussed.

In this article, we investigate the p-rank stratification of the moduli space of curves of genus g that admit a double cover to a fixed elliptic curve E in characteristic $p>2$. We show that the closed p-rank strata of this moduli space are equidimensional of the expected dimension. We also show the existence of a smooth double cover of E of all the possible values of the p-rank on this moduli space.

This paper examines how structural reforms can boost long-term growth and welfare in the U.S. economy. Using a model calibrated to historical data, we compare three reforms: reducing regulatory costs, increasing public investment, and eliminating rent-seeking. Our results show that all three improve welfare, but through different channels. Cutting regulatory burdens delivers quick efficiency gains with minimal adjustment costs. Raising public investment has the most substantial impact on growth and welfare, though it requires short-term trade-offs. Eliminating rent-seeking improves efficiency and leisure, but its growth effect is smaller. Overall, public investment emerges as the most powerful lever for growth, while regulatory simplification and institutional reform provide complementary benefits by reducing distortions, improving resource allocation, and reinforcing the efficiency gains from fiscal policy.

This article presents a case of superadditive ganging-up cumulativity in the metrical phonology of Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian (BCMS). BCMS individually permits monomoraic feet and feet with a toneless head mora, but prohibits toneless monomoraic feet. Across BCMS dialects, several prosodic processes conspire against this doubly marked structure. Because of the superadditive character of this interaction, both Optimality Theory and, importantly, Harmonic Grammar require local constraint conjunction to capture the ban on toneless monomoraic feet in BCMS. This demonstration constitutes evidence for conjoined constraints in weighted constraint grammar. The study contributes to the typology of cumulativity effects by documenting superadditive ganging up in a categorical prosodic pattern, whereas virtually all previously reported cases of superadditivity have been observed in variable phonological patterns.

We investigate trace and observability inequalities for Laplace eigenfunctions on the d-dimensional torus $\mathbb {T}^d$, with respect to arbitrary Borel measures $\mu $. Specifically, we characterize the measures $\mu $ for which the inequalities

$$ \begin{align*} \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}\mu \lesssim \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} x \quad \text{(trace)}, \qquad \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}\mu \gtrsim \int |u|^2 \mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} x \quad \text{(observability)} \end{align*} $$

hold uniformly for all eigenfunctions u of the Laplacian. Sufficient conditions are derived based on the integrability and regularity of $\mu $, while necessary conditions are formulated in terms of the dimension of the support of the measure. These results generalize classical theorems of Zygmund and Bourgain–Rudnick to higher dimensions. Applications include results in the spirit of Cantor–Lebesgue theorems, constraints on quantum limits, and control theory for the Schrödinger equation. Our approach combines several tools: the cluster structure of lattice points on spheres; decoupling estimates; and the construction of eigenfunctions exhibiting strong concentration or vanishing behavior, tailored respectively to the trace and observability inequalities.

The goal of this paper is to study individual variation in participants’ adherence to conflicting moral views. To do this, we elicit participants’ reflective attitudes in an argumentative task and introduce a new Conflict model of moral decision-making. This Conflict model builds on the widely used CNI model of moral judgments (Gawronski et al. [2017, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 343–376]) but improves it in several respects. First, we follow Skovgaard-Olsen and Klauer (2024, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 50(9), 1348–1367) in extending the model to investigate invariance violations of the models’ parameters. Second, we model cases in which participants are conflicted between utilitarian and deontological response tendencies. In Experiment 1, we employ an argumentative paradigm to elicit commitments for moral views from participants to estimate latent classes in participants’ moral views. We then measure a range of egoistic and altruistic covariates used in Kahane et al. (2015, Cognition, 134, 193–209) and Conway et al. (2018, Cognition, 179, 241–265) to investigate whether participants’ acceptance of instrumental harm is associated with a genuine concern for the greater good or whether it is rather driven by antisocial character traits (Bartels and Pizarro [2011, Cognition, 121, 154–161]). Next, we report two validation studies of our new Conflict model. In a preregistered experiment, the discriminant validity of the conflict detection/resolution path of the Conflict model and the construct validity of its conflict parameter are tested. Finally, in a second validation study, we contrast response formats of dilemma judgments and find evidence in favor of using a format in which participants can opt out of difficult moral dilemmas when they feel conflicted, over the traditional format in moral psychology that lacks this possibility. We show that the CNI model is challenged by the finding of asymmetries in experienced conflict across conditions.

Anatomy has always been a complex subject to teach and learn. Historically, anatomy has been taught via cadaveric dissection, a modality that has declined in recent years due to a shortage of body donations and a pedagogical shift in using virtual reality and technological tools. Today, the teaching of anatomy in medical schools worldwide incorporates the medical humanities. While theoretical knowledge of anatomy is certainly necessary in the healthcare setting, recentering the focus of healthcare from mechanistic models of the body to its transposed context in literary forms such as poetry offer an alternative way of viewing the body, from a mechanistic model to a holistic one that unites the body’s biology with a patient’s selfhood. Through an analysis of two ekphrastic poems about Dr. Nicolaes Tulp’s famous anatomy lessons by contemporary American poet Linda Bierds, I argue that the body (cadaver) that has been deconstructed through anatomical dissection can be reconstructed in poetry via a “poetic dissection.” As a case study, Bierds’s poems demonstrate how the sensory experience of anatomical dissection can reframe dissection as a poetic tool, enhancing the ways in which anatomy, and by extension medical humanities, are taught in medical schools.

Praat AudioTools is an open-source library of over 300 scripts that transforms the phonetic analysis software Praat (Boersma and Weenink) into an offline, object-centric laboratory for electroacoustic composition. While Praat is the standard tool for linguistic analysis, its potential for musical creation has remained largely untapped due to its interface design. We propose a workflow in which phonetic analysis objects – specifically PitchTiers (frequency curves), FormantGrids (resonance tracks) and TextGrids (temporal segmentation) – function as editable musical scores. Unlike real-time performance environments (e.g., Max/MSP, SuperCollider), which prioritise low-latency interaction, this toolkit emphasises ‘compositional deep time’, embedding analysis within an iterative edit–render–listen loop. Small modifications to analysis data produce structural consequences in timbre, gesture and form, enabling a research-creation practice rooted in the acousmatic tradition and spectromorphological thinking. By treating phonetic measurement as compositional material, AudioTools bridges phonetics and poetics. We contextualise this framework within the lineage of speech synthesis in electroacoustic music and demonstrate, through case studies, how it enables compositional strategies grounded in analysis as composition. The toolkit integrates neural network processing while maintaining interpretability, positioning it critically against black-box neural synthesis and arguing for transparent, parametric control in research-creation practice.

How does industrial decline influence politics? I propose three mechanisms linking industrial decline to voting. First, if unemployment soars as a consequence of a plant closure, this will result in local communities being economically deprived, which leads to lower support for the incumbent. Second, blame attribution should also play an important role since incumbents can be blamed for their handling of plant closures. Third, I argue that if people are compensated, this anti-incumbent effect should be reduced. I leverage the case of the closing of Lindø Steel Shipyard in Denmark to test in a quasi-experimental setting how a plant closure is linked to voting. Leveraging a difference-in-differences (DiD) design with national election data at the municipality level from 2001–2019, I first find that the closing of the shipyard reduced votes for the right-wing incumbent government. Second, I find that the closures increased unemployment in the short to medium term, and unemployment is negatively correlated with votes for the incumbent. Third, relying on survey data and interview data, I showcase that the government was blamed for its handling of the closure and the EU was credited for its support. Fourth, leveraging an event study design, I find that the political effects are not persistent. In the election, after receiving the compensation, the effects become insignificant, which at least suggests that the compensation could have been effective.