Silica enrichment in cratonic peridotites, expressed as high modal contents of orthopyroxene is a common yet enigmatic feature of Archean lithospheric mantle. Less widely recognised, silica depletion, expressed as high olivine content is also present in some locations. Although high-pressure melting alone cannot account for the full range of observed silica contents, open-system interaction between mantle melts and lithospheric peridotite offers a viable alternative. We present results from high-pressure (5 GPa), high-temperature (1600–1690°C) multi-anvil experiments designed to investigate the reaction between Al-depleted komatiitic melts and both fertile and moderately depleted peridotite. Using hybrid and reaction-couple experimental configurations, we track mineralogical and compositional changes across controlled thermal gradients within the experimental capsules. Modal and compositional data reveal a two-stage reaction process. Stage 1 involves high-temperature olivine precipitation from primitive Al-depleted komatiitic melts interacting with peridotite to produce olivine-rich residues with high MgO/SiO2 and low Al2O3/ SiO2. As a result of olivine removal, the coexisting melt becomes enriched in SiO2. In stage 2, the now silica-enriched komatiite melt reacts with residual olivine (±clinopyroxene and garnet) to form orthopyroxene at moderate temperature, increasing the bulk SiO2 content. Residue bulk compositions from olivine-rich zones resemble high-Mg# garnet dunites from Archean lithosphere, whereas orthopyroxene-rich zones are analogues to natural silica-rich cratonic peridotites. Coexisting melts evolve from komatiitic toward picritic compositions as the reaction progresses. We infer that reactive porous flow of komatiitic melts through depleted lithosphere can simultaneously generate silica-depleted and silica-enriched, refractory residues and diversify melt compositions, providing a process-based framework for the chemical and textural diversity of cratonic mantle.

Basé sur une recherche-action conduite en partenariat avec deux organismes de protection des droits des travailleurs non syndiqués, cet article compare deux modèles d’organisation du travail dans les entrepôts – celui de Dollarama et celui d’Amazon – et illustre comment l’un et l’autre fonctionnent grâce à l’exploitation d’une main-d’œuvre en bonne partie racisée. Emplois instables et peu protégés, pressions à la productivité fragilisant le corps et l’esprit, statuts migratoires précaires enfermant les individus dans des emplois usants et de piètre qualité – ces éléments interconnectés créent des espaces où le droit du travail peine à s’appliquer. Les résultats de l’enquête mettent en évidence les enjeux multiples découlant de la fragmentation des cadres réglementaires hérités de la période fordiste, trop souvent rendus caducs par la transformation des pratiques de gestion de la main-d’œuvre, et appellent, au profit des travailleurs les plus vulnérables, le développement d’une vision plus holistique du droit et de la réglementation.

Cet article examine l’effectivité des mesures législatives québécoises et ontariennes en matière de prévention du harcèlement psychologique au travail, en analysant leurs approches distinctes et certains de leurs effets. Le Québec a initialement appréhendé le droit à un milieu de travail exempt de harcèlement comme une condition minimale d’emploi, dans une approche centrée sur la réparation (prévention tertiaire). De son côté, l’Ontario a plutôt choisi d’aborder le harcèlement comme un risque pour la santé et la sécurité au travail (prévention primaire), sans prévoir de recours pour les victimes. Notre étude permet de constater que l’effectivité d’un régime législatif est renforcée lorsqu’elle intègre les trois niveaux de prévention en santé et sécurité du travail (primaire, secondaire, tertiaire). Les réformes québécoises de 2021 et 2024 vont en ce sens, en ajoutant des mesures davantage axées sur la prévention primaire, dans l’objectif d’assurer des milieux de travail exempts de harcèlement.

L’attente passive d’une intervention législative en matière d’emploi qui répondra prodigieusement aux enjeux de la crise climatique est délétère. Les fondements du droit du travail révèlent que ce sont les luttes sociales, la solidarité ouvrière et une prise de conscience sociétale à l’égard des dérives et des risques de l’industrialisation sur la personne humaine qui ont alimenté sa densité normative et les différentes strates de lois spécifiques qui le composent aujourd’hui. Pourtant, la crise climatique se présente comme une conséquence évidente du phénomène de l’industrialisation. C’est par un retour sur les mécanismes et les déclencheurs sociaux de la fabrication du droit du travail que se profile sa capacité de répondre aux risques climatiques en emploi ainsi qu’aux conséquences découlant des changements climatiques pour les personnes salariées. L’interface des droits de la personne concourrait également à combler les interstices de la législation du travail face aux défis contemporains posés par la crise climatique.

We model attitude stability and constraint, using a dynamic discrete choice framework for multiple attitudes, to identify influential attitudes within attitude systems. Its value-added includes insights about different sources of (in)stability, the direction of causation between attitudes, and their relative degree of influence; capturing time-invariant individual traits with a multiple factor structure; and addressing the ordinal nature of attitudinal measures, together with heterogeneity in time intervals between interviews, across waves, and people. We examine five core political attitudes concerning how people view the political world and their role in it. Most of their variance reflects infrequently-changing individual characteristics and time-specific effects. Permanent heterogeneity plays a modest role. External efficacy is most influential concerning evaluations of the external political world, while internal efficacy is influential for views on one’s role in politics. Another application examines the role of ideological and party identification on attitudes toward government spending and immigration. The attitudes form a weakly constrained attitude system. Party identification is the most influential, through spillovers to ideological identification. Party and ideological identifications are stable, time-invariant traits explaining most of their variance, with transitory shocks that hint at measurement error and/or expressive responding. Issue attitudes are unstable, driven mainly by transitory shocks.

This study investigates the relationship between bilingualism, language use, aging, and interference control using the Color–Word Stroop test task. We examined 158 highly proficient Basque–Spanish bilinguals and 84 Spanish monolinguals (aged 30–80 years) to test whether interference control declines with age and whether bilingual adaptations depend on language use frequency. Language experience was assessed using an adapted Language and Social Background Questionnaire and Color–Word Stroop test interference scores were analyzed by regression models. Results showed that interference control declines with age. Group-level differences between bilinguals and monolinguals were not significant once education was included as a covariate, although a small marginal advantage for bilinguals emerged when using education-adjusted T-scores. Within the bilingual group, higher use of the minority language (Basque) in social contexts was associated with significantly better interference control. Social language use showed a stronger relationship with interference control than home use. These findings highlight that bilingual advantages are not uniform but depend on language use frequency and context, contributing to understanding how bilingual experience shapes cognitive control across the lifespan.

Hommage à trois figures majeures du droit du travail québécois, Guylaine Vallée, Michel Coutu et Gilles Trudeau, dont les trajectoires intellectuelles ont profondément marqué la façon de comprendre la nature et la portée du droit du travail, ce numéro spécial rassemble auteurs et autrices s’inscrivant dans leur héritage. Il s’articule autour de deux grandes réflexions sur l’avenir du droit du travail, d’une part, les effets des mutations contemporaines du travail et de l’emploi sur l’effectivité du droit du travail; d’autre part, les acteurs et les cadres normatifs impliqués dans la régulation du travail.

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is often underdocumented at the species level in routine monitoring and regulatory assessments, where vegetation is commonly recorded without species-level identification. Here, we present a summary of existing records and field collections made in the Pennsylvania portion of Monongahela River system. Our findings suggest that the dominant SAV in this river is hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle], one of the most aggressive invasive macrophytes in North America. Further, our recent collections indicate the presence of other invasives: Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.). Native species such as coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and vallisneria (Vallisneria americana Michx.) were present but not prominent in sampled locations. The documentation of H. verticillata and other non-native invasive SAV species suggests that the Monongahela River is now hosting an invasive epidemic, one that may have widespread ecological implications.

Dynamic surface loads generate stress waves in snow that can trigger slab avalanches. Previously, we determined Maxwell-viscoelastic model parameters from one-dimensional, homogeneous laboratory experiments resembling Compression Tests (CTs). Building off this, we extend the laboratory experiments and modeling effort to layered and two-dimensional configurations that resemble CTs and Extended Column Tests (ECTs) in flat terrain. Stress and acceleration data from 850 individual impacts are used to validate a finite element model. The model is then extended to domains beyond the laboratory geometries to explore stress wave behavior without a stiff lower boundary and finite widths. The results show that isolating a column, as is done in a CT and ECT, effectively creates a wave guide, altering the distribution of stress. The position of cohesive snow layers is also shown to affect the stress distribution by comparing ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ stratigraphy and vice versa. In a ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ configuration, modeled results indicate that both vertical-normal compressive stress and shear stress penetrate deeper below the layer interface. Above the interface, the modeled results show vertical-normal compressive stress is greater in a ‘softer’ over ‘harder’ configuration, while the shear stress is greater in the ‘harder’ over ‘softer’ configuration.

Soil contamination due to toxic elements (TEs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a global environmental concern due to their toxicity in ecosystems and the potential risk of food chain contamination. This study aimed to examine the differences in the multielemental profile of two experimental fields in Central Italy and to assess the uptake and translocation of TEs (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti) and PTEs (Co, Cu, V, Zn) in three durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum varieties grown in organic (OFS) and conventional (CFS) farming systems. The biological absorption coefficient (BAC) and the translocation factor (TF) were evaluated to determine the absorption and translocation of elements from the soil to the aerial parts of the plants. The content of essential mineral nutrients such as Cu and Zn was higher in organically grown plants, whereas TEs and PTEs, such as Cd, Cr, Ni, and V, were more concentrated in conventionally cultivated plants. Among the three varieties, Simeto showed a greater ability to translocate Cd to the edible part (TF = 0.0341 for OFS and 0.7900 for CFS). Soil type, cultivation method, and durum wheat variety all affect the uptake and distribution of elements within the soil-plant system. Future research focusing on the edible parts could improve sustainable agricultural practices, optimise nutrient management, enhance crop quality, and reduce food security risks, ultimately supporting the development of safer farming systems that are resilient to climate and environmental changes.

Adolescence represents a pivotal neurodevelopmental period marked by escalating anxiety symptoms and heightened approach motivations. Although anxiety is typically linked to avoidance, concurrent shifts in motivational systems and neurocircuitry may alter its behavioral and neural expression, shaping developmental trajectories and treatment response. This study investigated how approach motivations (Behavioral Activation System; BAS) interact with anxiety to influence behavior and brain function in N = 121 adolescents (ages 9–13; 44% girls; 33.1% White, 22.3% Latino, 19.8% Asian, 14.9% Black, 9.9% Mixed Race). Participants completed a decision-making task and resting-state fMRI. Dimensional analyses examined joint effects of anxiety and BAS on risk-taking behaviors, task-evoked neural activity and connectivity, and intrinsic connectivity at rest. Higher anxiety was associated with risk aversion and inhibition when BAS was low, but with risk-taking and impulsivity when BAS was high (risk-taking: β = 0.25, p = .012; inhibitory control: β = 0.13, p < .001). During risk-taking, anxiety and BAS showed interactive effects on striatal (β = −0.10, p = .006) and amygdala (β = 0.10, p = .005) activity alongside distinct effects on prefrontal–subcortical connectivity (β = −0.30, p = .014; β = 0.17, p = .01). Higher BAS was associated with stronger intrinsic prefrontal–striatal connectivity (β = 0.23, p = .012), while anxiety showed no significant resting-state effects. Findings underscore the role of reward-related systems in adolescent anxiety and support developmentally informed, personalized intervention strategies.

Lameness remains an ongoing challenge to the health and welfare of UK sheep flocks. Whilst effective recommended practice exists in the UK in the form of the five-point plan (5PP), it is not always used or used effectively, particularly in relation to culling. A more in-depth understanding of farmer lameness management behaviours and decision-making is crucial for driving positive change. Behaviour change frameworks offer useful tools to do this, specifically the Behaviour Change Wheel and its central tenets of capability, opportunity and motivation (COM-B). This research sought to explore on-farm management practices surrounding lameness, particularly focused on the 5PP and culling in relation to COM-B. Findings are drawn from five online focus groups with UK farmers (n = 19) and one with veterinarians (n = 4). Thematic analysis led to the identification of themes in relation to the role of capability, opportunity and motivation to enact the steps of the 5PP, particularly culling. Culling, alongside prompt treatment, were the only tools used by all participants. Yet, culling practices did not always follow recommended advice. Factors that influenced behaviours included those self-controlled by farmers, e.g. records kept; outside of their control, e.g. space available, and those controlled by other actors, such as market prices. Considerations of the individual farm and the wider UK sheep sector context were important. Findings suggest a need for interventions aimed at encouraging good record-keeping, collective industry action against lameness and opportunities for vet-farmer interactions. These should be pursued together to achieve the goal of reducing lameness and subsequently improving sheep welfare.

Through a discussion of three recent episodes – the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor linking Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Pakistan and Dera Baba Nanak in India, author Haroon Khalid’s book Walking With Nanak, and a recent dispute involving the Sindhi community’s religious practices in Indore, India – this article comments on the present-day experiences and expressions of shared reverence post-1947 with a particular focus on the Sikh community.

Approximately 20% of Nigerians experience a mental health condition, yet fewer than 10% receive minimally adequate care. This scoping review synthesises the development, implementation and outcomes of mental health policies in Nigeria from 1916 to 2025. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, systematic searches were conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, AJOL and Google Scholar (inception–December 2024), supplemented by grey literature from governmental and non-governmental sources. The Walt and Gilson Policy Triangle guided the analysis of policy context, content, processes and actors. Nigeria’s policy trajectory demonstrates normative progress, transitioning from custodial approaches under the Lunacy Ordinance (1916) to a rights-based orientation in the Mental Health Act (2023). However, implementation outcomes remain constrained. Workforce expansion has been modest (psychiatrists increased from 250 in 2018 to approximately 350 in 2024), treatment coverage remains low (10–15%) and budget allocation is insufficient (3.3% of the health budget). Barriers include inadequate financing, weak coordination across federal and state levels, limited stakeholder engagement and insufficient integration of community, traditional and faith-based providers. Comparative analysis highlights that Ghana’s autonomous Mental Health Authority, South Africa’s provincial directorates and Kenya’s community health volunteer model provide governance and implementation structures absent in Nigeria. Findings indicate that Nigerian mental health policies, while necessary, are insufficient alone for system strengthening. Effective policy translation requires increased and protected financing (target: 5% of health budget by 2027), task-shifting strategies, establishment of a National Mental Health Information System, federal incentives for state-level adoption, integration into primary healthcare (5,000 PHCs by 2028) and inclusive governance that incorporates service users and traditional healers.

Violations of sovereignty not only generate emotional diplomatic outbursts but are also frequently the subject of multilateral engagements. One paradigmatic example of a sovereignty violation engendering this kind of response is that of state-led international kidnappings. But why do the victims of sovereignty violations multilateralise such transgressions? What makes them think that other states will be receptive to such attempts? To answer this question, we theorise the role of performative emotionality in maintaining the institution of sovereignty. Specifically, we conceptualise sovereignty as a social institution that constructs states as persons, and thus as bearers of dignity, and upholds this construction through shared feeling rules. This reveals sovereignty violations to be primarily a denial of dignity, that is, the expectation to be treated as an autonomous person of equal moral worth, which demands an appropriate emotional performance from all states, not just those involved in the sovereignty dispute. This performance is shaped by the international system’s colonial legacy, embodied in an enduring standard of civilisation. To illustrate this, we analyse two instances of state-led international kidnappings: Argentina’s response to the abduction of Adolf Eichmann by Israeli agents in 1960, and Japan’s ongoing response to the kidnapping of multiple Japanese citizens by North Korea.