Carbon labelling has been proposed as a strategy to encourage cafeteria diners to reduce meat consumption, choose lower carbon-emitting meals and contribute towards global climate change targets. However, field-experimental evidence for label effectiveness is largely limited to trials in universities with student samples. This study evaluated whether the beneficial effects of carbon labelling observed in universities could be replicated in the wider workplace population through a natural field experiment in four call-centre cafeterias in Northern England. Baseline vegetarian uptake in the call-centre cafeterias was significantly lower than in previous university trials (7% vs 15–66%), potentially reflecting a more meat-attached population. The introduction of labels resulted in a 1.5 percentage-point shift from meat to vegetarian meals compared to 1.7–4.6 percentage-point shifts observed in university trials. The increase was almost entirely driven by higher vegetarian sales during the first week of the intervention, with little to no effect observed in subsequent weeks. No statistically significant changes were found in average cafeteria emissions. The findings suggest that carbon labels are not a panacea, and where worksite cafeterias have ambitious emissions targets, labels will need to be implemented alongside other measures.

This study included postpartum women who survived the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023, with epicenters in Kahramanmaraş, and assessed their experiences, psychosocial needs using a qualitative research method. The findings were organized under 5 key themes: “psychological processes experienced during and after the earthquake,” “experiences related to pregnancy and childbirth,” “biopsychosocial problems experienced after the earthquake,” “experiences related to s workers,” and “expectations and needs of earthquake-affected mothers.” Codes were established for women that were specific to their emotional responses following the earthquake: fear, sorrow, anxiety, difficulty in controlling anger, hopelessness, exhaustion, and inability to experience the mourning process; concerning their emotional reactions at the moment of the earthquake: extreme fear, helplessness, shock, and grief response; and regarding the traumatic effects of the earthquake: post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress disorder. During and after an earthquake, pregnant and postpartum women have biopsychosocial needs such as shelter, food, clothing, hygiene, support, and care, and these needs should be prioritized. Early psychological interventions should be provided to help women deal with the negative traumatic experiences they encounter during this process. Relevant institutions should create individual care-focused support systems and early intervention to deliver comprehensive care following earthquake.

Traditionally, early life adversity research has focused on negative outcomes. Contrastingly, the hidden talents framework asserts that many individuals develop specialized abilities as a direct result of their adversity exposure. This framework serves as the foundation for the current study, which systematically reviews extant empirical studies investigating hidden talents or stress-adapted skills in individuals who have experienced early adversity. Synthesizing data through a developmental lens, this review examines how these skills manifest at different stages of development. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we searched four databases and identified 45 eligible studies. Data on country of origin, sample size, predictor and outcome themes, and participant characteristics were extracted. Categorized into cognitive, social, and physiological domains, findings reveal that early adversity was associated with adaptive skills aligned with environmental demands (e.g., heightened emotional awareness, intuitive decision-making, empathy). While cognitive adaptations were the most studied, social and physiological adaptations remain underexplored. Some studies also reported null effects. Future directions include calls for examination of developmental pathways, longitudinal designs, diverse sampling, and culturally responsive approaches to better understand hidden talents and inform strength-based interventions.

International students frequently report suicidal thoughts and behaviours, but often do not seek help. We evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an adapted version of safeTALK suicide prevention training for international students. Eight workshops were delivered in Melbourne, Australia (N = 128; 62.5% female, M age = 23.4). In this single-arm study, surveys were completed pre-, post-, and three months post-training, and 17 participants completed follow-up interviews. The training was rated as acceptable, helpful, and safe. Linear mixed models indicated increased confidence to intervene and stronger intentions to refer individuals to formal help sources, with improvements sustained at follow-up. Suicide stigma showed a small post-training reduction that was not sustained. Suicide literacy only improved three months post-training. Attrition limited inferences about long-term effects. Qualitative feedback supported the training’s value but highlighted the need for further cultural adaptation. Findings support adapted gatekeeper training as a promising strategy for suicide prevention among international students.

Scores of young men and women were killed by regime forces during the Arab Spring in Egypt (2011–2013). Their photographs assumed iconic proportions, meandering online and off through countless acts of creative remediation. This essay examines the different kinds of social and political work that these photographs came to play during this period, including as indexes of the revolutionary cause and as mediators of revolutionary subjectivities at a distance. This essay departs from extant studies of visual cultures of secular martyrdom or funerary portraiture framed by notions of commemoration, and instead stresses contingent presence grounded in the specific liminal temporality of the revolutionary process. In this temporal limbo, photographs of martyrs often blurred conventional boundaries between representations and their referents. Established visual conventions of funerary portraiture were turned upside down, and portraits of martyrs were understood not as representations of the dead, but as alive and present, sometimes more alive than the dwindling group of dedicated revolutionaries.

We assessed whether higher caregiver depression is associated with increased likelihood of caregivers rating their children as screening positive for developmental disorders—autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, emotional behavioral disorder, and functional impairment (FI)—among Ugandan children perinatally exposed and unexposed to HIV. Children and their primary caregivers were followed for 12 months. Caregiver depression was measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and categorized as low, moderate, or high based on terciles. Child developmental indices were derived from the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (third edition) at 0, 6, and 12 months. Multivariable linear regression estimated mean differences (MDs) in disorder indices with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by caregiver depression level. Compared with highly depressed caregivers, those with low depression reported consistently lower ASD risk scores (MD: −0.35 to −0.32; 95% CI: −0.60 to −0.08). Similar trends were observed for FI (MD: −0.56 to −0.31; 95% CI: −0.81 to −0.06). Moderate depression was associated with modestly lower FI risk at baseline and 6 months but not at 12 months. Overall, higher caregiver depressive symptoms were linked to greater perceived child disorder risk. Evaluating caregiver depression alongside child screening may improve interpretation of developmental risk assessments.

The Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus, a Critically Endangered species, faces population declines across its range, yet limited data exist on its nesting ecology and causes of breeding failure. This study used camera trapping and systematic nest searches to locate and monitor nests in southern Ghana to investigate nest-site characteristics and causes of nest failure. Eight active nests were found, mostly on tall native or introduced trees, with an average tree height of 24.94 ± 3.68 m. The nests were positioned at an average hight of 18.7 ± 4.73 m above the ground, typically in a fork formed by at least three branches. Nest-sites were in areas with greater canopy cover, that were closer to water, and with taller surrounding trees compared with non-nesting sites. Nesting success was high with a 75% fledging rate from the studied nests. Camera traps revealed that egg failures at two nests were caused by inadvertent crushing of the eggs by adult vultures while arranging nest materials, and one chick mortality resulted from parental cannibalism. However, adults at one nest successfully re-laid and fledged a chick after the initial egg loss. The findings show higher nest placement in southern Ghana than in previous studies from savanna regions, reflecting differences in habitat structure and available tree species. The study also identified nest destruction by humans and targeted tree removal as major threats to nest success in the study area. The findings highlight the complexity of natural nesting environments, where even unintentional behaviours, such as egg crushing, can affect reproductive outcomes. They also underscore the need to integrate behavioural studies into vulture conservation strategies. Addressing anthropogenic threats, including persecution, nest removal, and loss of nesting and roosting trees, is critical for the survival of this Critically Endangered species.

Male volleyball athletes may be at risk of inadequate energy and carbohydrate intake. This may increase their risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) and impair a variety of physiological and psychological systems involved with performance and health. This study explored the eating behaviours and diet quality of international elite volleyball male athletes and their association on hormones associated with acute energy deficit and primary serum REDs indicators outlined in the International Olympic Committee REDs Clinical Assessment Tool 2. Methods: Using a retrospective design, 30 male athletes from a national indoor volleyball programme were assessed using DXA bone mineral density, hematological analysis, anthropometry, restrained eating behaviour via the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and the Athlete Diet Index (ADI) questionnaire. Results: All participants met or exceeded dietary recommendations for health and sport with ADI mean score of 95.2/125 ± 10.5. Restraint eating was inversely associated with insulin (r = − 0.37; p  < 0.05). Both the ADI total and core nutrition sub-scores were inversely associated with free-triiodothyronine (r = − 0.58; p < 0.01) but not with total testosterone, insulin or leptin. Conclusion: Male volleyball athletes at risk of inadequate energy intake may not necessarily demonstrate signs of poor diet quality.

Early deprivation holds far-reaching implications for academic performance in adolescence. Yet, the implicated cascading mechanisms remain under-delineated, and little is known about why children may display diverse patterns of cognitive development. To address such gaps, we leveraged long-term longitudinal data derived from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2,085). Results indicated that early deprivation (age 3, caregivers’ reports and observers’ ratings; controlling for early threat and unpredictability) was negatively associated with adolescent academic performance (age 15, adolescents’ reports) indirectly through a negative association with cognitive ability in middle childhood (age 9, standardized tests). Furthermore, such an indirect effect was less pronounced among children with higher (versus lower) negative emotionality (age 1, mothers’ ratings), given that the negative link between early deprivation and subsequent cognitive ability was weaker among children with higher (versus lower) negative emotionality. Breaking down cognitive ability into sub-components (i.e., working memory, language ability, reading comprehension, and problem-solving), both language ability and applied problem-solving were involved in the deprivation-emotionality interaction. These findings highlight the critical role of cognitive ability in accounting for the long-term academic consequences of early deprivation and the key role of negative emotionality in shaping heterogeneity in such pathways.

Ryan Goss has criticised the habit of Australian lawyers to use the terms “parliamentary sovereignty” or “parliamentary supremacy” when describing the nature of the legislative authority of their parliaments. He objects that, because no Australian parliament has unlimited authority, the use of these terms is incoherent or at least very confusing, and serves no useful purpose. This article aims to rebut his criticisms, by showing first, what Australian lawyers mean when they talk about their parliaments having sovereignty or supremacy within limits; secondly, what aspect of sovereignty or supremacy can meaningfully be said to exist, given the many limits to legislative power in Australia; and thirdly, why such talk continues to be useful. I will also show that such talk is not an odd Australian idiosyncrasy; it was first adopted by eminent British judges in the late Nineteenth Century, and can be found throughout the British Commonwealth and even in the United States.

The tail recursion modulo cons transformation can rewrite functions that are not quite tail-recursive into a tail-recursive form that can be executed efficiently. In this article, we generalize tail recursion modulo cons (TRMc) to modulo context (TRMC) and calculate a general TRMC algorithm from its specification. We can instantiate our general algorithm by providing an implementation of application and composition on abstract contexts and showing that our context laws hold. We provide some known instantiations of TRMC, namely modulo evaluation contexts (CPS), and associative operations, and further instantiations not so commonly associated with TRMC, such as defunctionalized evaluation contexts, monoids, semirings, exponents, and fields. We study the modulo cons instantiation in particular and prove that an instantiation using Minamide’s hole calculus is sound. We also calculate a second instantiation in terms of the Perceus heap semantics to precisely reason about the soundness of in-place update. While all previous approaches to TRMc fail in the presence of nonlinear control (e.g., induced by call/cc, shift/reset, or algebraic effect handlers), we can elegantly extend the heap semantics to a hybrid approach which dynamically adapts to nonlinear control flow. We have a full implementation of hybrid TRMc in the Koka language, and our benchmark shows the TRMc transformed functions are always as fast or faster than using manual alternatives.

In this paper, we calculate the available energy, an upper bound on the thermal energy released that may in turn drive turbulence, due to an ion-temperature-gradient instability driven by curvature in the presence of adiabatic electrons. This is done by choosing an appropriate set of invariants that neglect parallel dynamics, whilst keeping the density profile fixed. Conditions for vanishing available energy are derived and are found to be qualitatively similar to conditions for stability derived from gyrokinetic theory, including strong stabilisation if the ratio of the temperature and density gradient, $\mathrm{d} \ln T / \mathrm{d} \ln n =\eta$, falls in the range $0 \leqslant \eta \leqslant 2/3$. To assess the utility of the available energy, a database consisting of $6 \times 10^4$ local gyrokinetic simulations in randomly sampled tokamak geometries is constructed. Using this database and a similar one sampling stellarators (Landreman et al. 2025 J. Plasma Phys. vol. 91, E120), the available energy is shown to exhibit correlation with the ion energy flux as long as the parallel dynamics is unimportant. Overall it is found that available energy is good at predicting the energy flux variability due to the gradients in density and temperature, but performs worse when it comes to predicting its variability arising from geometry.

This study examines sea loans in the Portuguese Empire (1600–1800). Structured as contingent contracts, this kind of credit served as a risk-sharing agreement for financing transoceanic trade routes. Using notarial protocols and court records, the study examines how maritime regulations, international political relations, and information problems influenced the pricing of loan agreements. The study demonstrates that the introduction of the convoy system, which distinguished Portugal–Brazilian connections, coincided with a downward trend in sea loan rates, which converged with those of safer short-term lending instruments. In contrast, periods of war and free navigation increased uncertainty, making maritime insurance and sea loans complementary instruments for risk management.

In southern Australia, sowthistle and prickly lettuce are difficult to control when they grow among pulse crops because few postemergence herbicide options exist to control them and resistance to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) has become widespread. The introduction of new herbicide-tolerance traits to these crops is one possible avenue for improving control options. This study evaluated ways to control ALS inhibitor–resistant common sowthistle and prickly lettuce in a novel breeding line of metribuzin-tolerant lentil being developed in Australia. Field experiments conducted over 3 site-years in South Australia aimed to evaluate various rates and application timings of metribuzin, with and without the postemergence addition of diflufenican, compared to preemergence terbuthylazine applications. Herbicide treatments achieved significant levels of control of both common sowthistle and prickly lettuce compared to untreated control plots, and there was no negative effect of these treatments on lentil establishment or yield, despite two sites experiencing environmental conditions that were conducive to crop damage by the herbicides. Greater control was obtained when higher rates of metribuzin were applied post-sowing preemergence and after the postemergence application of diflufenican. Terbuthylazine treatments also performed well compared to the untreated control; however, terbuthylazine was not as effective as the higher rates of metribuzin. These results indicate that the introduction of a metribuzin-tolerant lentil cultivar will provide an effective in-crop broadleaf weed control option while also avoiding some of the damage associated with currently available herbicides.