Semantic extensibility captures the semantic side of productivity. It is the likelihood that a given sense of a linguistic expression will support extension to new senses. Even though linguistic expressions are naturally polysemous, semantic extensibility is constrained. In previous literature, it has been argued that semantic extensions are motivated by mostly one-directional conceptual operations such as metaphor and metonymy, and that in any polysemous expression only one or a few so-called ‘sanctioning’ senses have privileged status in supporting new extensions. One factor believed to determine sanctioning status is high frequency. Drawing on three case studies from the history of English, involving change in the adjective awful, the preposition and adverb about and the multifunctional item so, this article provides diachronic evidence from semantic loss to support this view. On the one hand, it is shown that when old sanctioning senses go into decline, this also impacts the senses derived from them, underscoring the motivational relations that tie extended senses to sanctioning senses. On the other hand, what typically initiates a decline in a sanctioning sense is a frequency increase elsewhere in the polysemy network coincident with the emergence of a new sanctioning sense, underscoring the role of frequency in determining sanctioning status and the directionality of sanctioning relations.

This article explores how multilateral negotiations for technology trade accelerated the fall of the Cold War economic divide in East Asia. Drawing on archival sources in Japan, the United States, China, Britain, and France, it focuses on computer trade between China and capitalist countries from 1968 to 1980. The computer, a dual-use technology essential to China’s industrial and military modernisation, was at the centre of debate among capitalist countries. While competing to export advanced technologies to the China market, they needed to relax export controls through the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls, an international regime to oversee export restrictions on communist countries during the Cold War. This combination of competition and cooperation weakened the restrictive trade regime dating back to before the Korean War, enabling capitalist countries with diverse economic and security interests to find common ground to sell to Chinese customers. By examining this process, this article reveals that dual-use technologies, often viewed in global history as a source of division among states, could in fact promote economic and political interactions across the East-West divide.

In this paper, we investigate the relation between head movement and the synthesis-periphrasis distinction in the verbal domain. We use the term synthesis to refer to verbal expressions in which the lexical verb bears all the verbal inflection in a clause (e.g. rode in English). In contrast, a periphrastic verbal expression additionally contains an auxiliary verb (specifically, be or have), and verbal inflection is distributed between the lexical verb and the auxiliary (e.g. had ridden). We argue for two crosslinguistic generalizations: AfTonomy and *V-Aux. According to AfTonomy, affixal Ts vary as to whether they are in a head movement relation with a verb. *V-Aux states that in periphrasis, the lexical verb and the auxiliary cannot be related by head movement. Existing analyses of periphrasis can account for one or the other generalization, but not for both. We further argue that this tension between the two generalizations is resolved if we adopt the hypothesis that both head movement and periphrasis are tied to selection. More specifically, we propose that head movement is parasitic on a selectional relation (following Svenonius 1994, Julien 2002, Matushansky 2006, Pietraszko 2017, Preminger 2019) and that auxiliaries are merged as specifiers selected by functional heads such as T (Pietraszko 2017, 2023).

This paper has been prepared by the IFoA’s Collective Defined Contribution (CDC) working party. The purpose is to raise awareness within the actuarial community and pensions industry on the wide range of design options and considerations for CDC solutions, together with a set of principles for the design work, which we believe should apply in most cases. This should also aid understanding of why different designs are better in different circumstances, and why some designs might have certain features that others would avoid.

In the recent case of Ezuame Mannan v Attorney General and Speaker of Parliament,1the Ghanaian Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision struck down the Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), on grounds that the parliamentary processes leading to its enactment were unconstitutional. In arriving at this decision, the court strived to define the limits of Parliament’s legislative powers. While some clarity was achieved, difficult contradictions emerged. Prominent among these was the extent to which the constitutional power of judicial review over legislative actions should interfere with the autonomy of Parliament. In this article, I propose that a proper understanding and application of the purposive approach to interpretation offers an effective tool for reconciling these seemingly conflicting constitutional values.

The aerodynamic performance of an ultra-high aspect ratio strut-braced wing design is assessed for flight at cruise. The sensitivity of a selected airframe design from a recent CleanSky2 project to operating conditions around the design point is quantified using the adaptive-cut high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) method, which allows for the decomposition of the parameter space into smaller subdomains to isolate the parameter interactions and influence on the aerodynamic forces. A comparative analysis with a cantilever wing configuration is performed to identify the role of the strut on the sensitivity of the design. Insight into the transonic performance is gained by characterisation of buffet limits and drag rise. Results show that, for the selected optimised airframe configuration, small changes in freestream parameters can lead to significant reduction in performance due to drag divergence triggered by the shock wave generated at the strut-wing junction and at the fuselage-strut intersection. Cruise conditions can be achieved without buffet onset throughout much of the parameter space. Safety margins associated with buffeting are satisfied, but sensible limits are imposed on the flight envelope for this configuration.

Plant invader genotype determines much about how the plant establishes, spreads, and impacts receiving habitat and the types of management required to achieve its control. We investigated phenology, vegetative spread, growth and biomass allocation, and response to herbicides of four flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotypes (triploid: GT1; diploid: GT3, GT4, GT5) in a multiyear mesocosm experiment. Monthly observations were made over 31 mo to determine whether there were differences in timing of peak plant growth and flowering. We also applied herbicides during years 2 and 3 using imazamox or triclopyr at rates previously determined to be efficacious against B. umbellatus. By the end of year 1, all genotypes spread vegetatively within their containers. From a single sprouted axillary bud (i.e., bulbil), GT4 plants spread to cover nearly 2,000 cm2 in 6 mo. Flowering occurred May through October for all genotypes, but was reduced in years 2 and 3, including almost no flowering in triploid plants after year 1. Maximum leaf abundance occurred in August or September for all genotypes. After one season of growth, biomass was greatest for diploid genotypes, allocated primarily to leaves. However, by year 3, triploid plant biomass was greater than diploid GT4 and GT5, but not GT3. Bulbil production occurred only in diploid genotypes. At the study conclusion, GT4 and GT5 produced nearly 15,000 and 20,000 bulbils each, whereas GT3 plants produced fewer than 5,000 bulbils. Herbicides were effective in reducing biomass, but triploid plants were far more susceptible than diploid plants. Propagule production was generally reduced by herbicides, but rhizome bud production increased 240% in triploid plants treated with imazamox. These results demonstrate (1) the significant capacity for reproduction and spread of B. umbellatus and (2) the importance of investigating differences between lineages of B. umbellatus to inform management and risk assessments.

Refugees and forced migrants are particularly susceptible to trauma-related disorders, due exposure to traumatic events before, during or after displacement. In trauma therapy, the concept of psychological stabilization refers to the improvement of a patient’s capacity to manage symptoms and emotions associated with traumatic experiences. While exposure-based therapies are widely recommended for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stabilizing interventions may offer a valuable alternative, particularly given the unique challenges in refugee care. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of stabilizing, non exposure-based interventions for traumatized refugees A systematic search identified 31 relevant studies featuring diverse interventions, settings, and outcomes. Most studies showed a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to waitlist (six studies), treatment as usual (three studies) and pre-post analyses (nine studies), though nine studies found no difference between intervention and comparison group. Notably, two studies found the stabilizing approach less effective than the comparison group, and two reported no symptom reduction in pre-post analysis. Heterogenity among the examined interventions as well as living conditions was high and limited the generizability of the results. Further studies should take these environmental factors into consideration.

This study examined the variability of language profiles in Spanish–English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD). The data included 529 children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Eighty-eight of these children were identified as having DLD. A latent profile analysis was conducted based on children’s morphosyntax and semantics performance in Spanish and English. The optimal model identified five different profiles, illustrating the heterogeneity in bilingual development. Children with DLD were observed across all profiles, but most were classified in the only two profiles where lower morphosyntax than semantic performance was observed across languages. These results show the variability in both bilingual children with and without DLD. Additionally, the hallmark deficit of DLD in morphosyntax was confirmed, with the morphological weakness being observed in each of the bilingual children’s languages. Children’s background factors (age, maternal education and language exposure) were associated with profile characteristics.

This article analyzes structures of feeling among the generation of trauma carriers who grew up under Pinochet’s dictatorship. Drawing on interviews with thirty-seven cultural producers (including filmmakers, novelists, visual artists, and memory activists), we shed light on the generational memory work involved in processing cultural trauma, emphasizing the emotional force behind memory transmission in postconflict societies dealing with legacies of terror. Drawing on Raymond Williams’s notion of structures of feeling, we explore how the generational memory of children during Pinochet’s dictatorship is shaped by melancholic intergenerational identification with past struggles. This intergenerational bond is characterized by melancholic affect in representing the previous generation, which is rooted in experiences of state violence and resistance and plays a key role in processing historical trauma and shaping contemporary social critique in postconflict Chile.