The Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus, a Critically Endangered species, faces population declines across its range, yet limited data exist on its nesting ecology and causes of breeding failure. This study used camera trapping and systematic nest searches to locate and monitor nests in southern Ghana to investigate nest-site characteristics and causes of nest failure. Eight active nests were found, mostly on tall native or introduced trees, with an average tree height of 24.94 ± 3.68 m. The nests were positioned at an average hight of 18.7 ± 4.73 m above the ground, typically in a fork formed by at least three branches. Nest-sites were in areas with greater canopy cover, that were closer to water, and with taller surrounding trees compared with non-nesting sites. Nesting success was high with a 75% fledging rate from the studied nests. Camera traps revealed that egg failures at two nests were caused by inadvertent crushing of the eggs by adult vultures while arranging nest materials, and one chick mortality resulted from parental cannibalism. However, adults at one nest successfully re-laid and fledged a chick after the initial egg loss. The findings show higher nest placement in southern Ghana than in previous studies from savanna regions, reflecting differences in habitat structure and available tree species. The study also identified nest destruction by humans and targeted tree removal as major threats to nest success in the study area. The findings highlight the complexity of natural nesting environments, where even unintentional behaviours, such as egg crushing, can affect reproductive outcomes. They also underscore the need to integrate behavioural studies into vulture conservation strategies. Addressing anthropogenic threats, including persecution, nest removal, and loss of nesting and roosting trees, is critical for the survival of this Critically Endangered species.

Male volleyball athletes may be at risk of inadequate energy and carbohydrate intake. This may increase their risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) and impair a variety of physiological and psychological systems involved with performance and health. This study explored the eating behaviours and diet quality of international elite volleyball male athletes and their association on hormones associated with acute energy deficit and primary serum REDs indicators outlined in the International Olympic Committee REDs Clinical Assessment Tool 2. Methods: Using a retrospective design, 30 male athletes from a national indoor volleyball programme were assessed using DXA bone mineral density, hematological analysis, anthropometry, restrained eating behaviour via the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and the Athlete Diet Index (ADI) questionnaire. Results: All participants met or exceeded dietary recommendations for health and sport with ADI mean score of 95.2/125 ± 10.5. Restraint eating was inversely associated with insulin (r = − 0.37; p  < 0.05). Both the ADI total and core nutrition sub-scores were inversely associated with free-triiodothyronine (r = − 0.58; p < 0.01) but not with total testosterone, insulin or leptin. Conclusion: Male volleyball athletes at risk of inadequate energy intake may not necessarily demonstrate signs of poor diet quality.

Early deprivation holds far-reaching implications for academic performance in adolescence. Yet, the implicated cascading mechanisms remain under-delineated, and little is known about why children may display diverse patterns of cognitive development. To address such gaps, we leveraged long-term longitudinal data derived from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2,085). Results indicated that early deprivation (age 3, caregivers’ reports and observers’ ratings; controlling for early threat and unpredictability) was negatively associated with adolescent academic performance (age 15, adolescents’ reports) indirectly through a negative association with cognitive ability in middle childhood (age 9, standardized tests). Furthermore, such an indirect effect was less pronounced among children with higher (versus lower) negative emotionality (age 1, mothers’ ratings), given that the negative link between early deprivation and subsequent cognitive ability was weaker among children with higher (versus lower) negative emotionality. Breaking down cognitive ability into sub-components (i.e., working memory, language ability, reading comprehension, and problem-solving), both language ability and applied problem-solving were involved in the deprivation-emotionality interaction. These findings highlight the critical role of cognitive ability in accounting for the long-term academic consequences of early deprivation and the key role of negative emotionality in shaping heterogeneity in such pathways.

Ryan Goss has criticised the habit of Australian lawyers to use the terms “parliamentary sovereignty” or “parliamentary supremacy” when describing the nature of the legislative authority of their parliaments. He objects that, because no Australian parliament has unlimited authority, the use of these terms is incoherent or at least very confusing, and serves no useful purpose. This article aims to rebut his criticisms, by showing first, what Australian lawyers mean when they talk about their parliaments having sovereignty or supremacy within limits; secondly, what aspect of sovereignty or supremacy can meaningfully be said to exist, given the many limits to legislative power in Australia; and thirdly, why such talk continues to be useful. I will also show that such talk is not an odd Australian idiosyncrasy; it was first adopted by eminent British judges in the late Nineteenth Century, and can be found throughout the British Commonwealth and even in the United States.

The tail recursion modulo cons transformation can rewrite functions that are not quite tail-recursive into a tail-recursive form that can be executed efficiently. In this article, we generalize tail recursion modulo cons (TRMc) to modulo context (TRMC) and calculate a general TRMC algorithm from its specification. We can instantiate our general algorithm by providing an implementation of application and composition on abstract contexts and showing that our context laws hold. We provide some known instantiations of TRMC, namely modulo evaluation contexts (CPS), and associative operations, and further instantiations not so commonly associated with TRMC, such as defunctionalized evaluation contexts, monoids, semirings, exponents, and fields. We study the modulo cons instantiation in particular and prove that an instantiation using Minamide’s hole calculus is sound. We also calculate a second instantiation in terms of the Perceus heap semantics to precisely reason about the soundness of in-place update. While all previous approaches to TRMc fail in the presence of nonlinear control (e.g., induced by call/cc, shift/reset, or algebraic effect handlers), we can elegantly extend the heap semantics to a hybrid approach which dynamically adapts to nonlinear control flow. We have a full implementation of hybrid TRMc in the Koka language, and our benchmark shows the TRMc transformed functions are always as fast or faster than using manual alternatives.

In this paper, we calculate the available energy, an upper bound on the thermal energy released that may in turn drive turbulence, due to an ion-temperature-gradient instability driven by curvature in the presence of adiabatic electrons. This is done by choosing an appropriate set of invariants that neglect parallel dynamics, whilst keeping the density profile fixed. Conditions for vanishing available energy are derived and are found to be qualitatively similar to conditions for stability derived from gyrokinetic theory, including strong stabilisation if the ratio of the temperature and density gradient, $\mathrm{d} \ln T / \mathrm{d} \ln n =\eta$, falls in the range $0 \leqslant \eta \leqslant 2/3$. To assess the utility of the available energy, a database consisting of $6 \times 10^4$ local gyrokinetic simulations in randomly sampled tokamak geometries is constructed. Using this database and a similar one sampling stellarators (Landreman et al. 2025 J. Plasma Phys. vol. 91, E120), the available energy is shown to exhibit correlation with the ion energy flux as long as the parallel dynamics is unimportant. Overall it is found that available energy is good at predicting the energy flux variability due to the gradients in density and temperature, but performs worse when it comes to predicting its variability arising from geometry.

This study examines sea loans in the Portuguese Empire (1600–1800). Structured as contingent contracts, this kind of credit served as a risk-sharing agreement for financing transoceanic trade routes. Using notarial protocols and court records, the study examines how maritime regulations, international political relations, and information problems influenced the pricing of loan agreements. The study demonstrates that the introduction of the convoy system, which distinguished Portugal–Brazilian connections, coincided with a downward trend in sea loan rates, which converged with those of safer short-term lending instruments. In contrast, periods of war and free navigation increased uncertainty, making maritime insurance and sea loans complementary instruments for risk management.

In southern Australia, sowthistle and prickly lettuce are difficult to control when they grow among pulse crops because few postemergence herbicide options exist to control them and resistance to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) has become widespread. The introduction of new herbicide-tolerance traits to these crops is one possible avenue for improving control options. This study evaluated ways to control ALS inhibitor–resistant common sowthistle and prickly lettuce in a novel breeding line of metribuzin-tolerant lentil being developed in Australia. Field experiments conducted over 3 site-years in South Australia aimed to evaluate various rates and application timings of metribuzin, with and without the postemergence addition of diflufenican, compared to preemergence terbuthylazine applications. Herbicide treatments achieved significant levels of control of both common sowthistle and prickly lettuce compared to untreated control plots, and there was no negative effect of these treatments on lentil establishment or yield, despite two sites experiencing environmental conditions that were conducive to crop damage by the herbicides. Greater control was obtained when higher rates of metribuzin were applied post-sowing preemergence and after the postemergence application of diflufenican. Terbuthylazine treatments also performed well compared to the untreated control; however, terbuthylazine was not as effective as the higher rates of metribuzin. These results indicate that the introduction of a metribuzin-tolerant lentil cultivar will provide an effective in-crop broadleaf weed control option while also avoiding some of the damage associated with currently available herbicides.

In this article, we present the field of public history, which we define as a process of making history more accessible, participatory, and connected to present-day public engagement with the past. In particular, we discuss how public history invites and develops interdisciplinary collaboration, such as between history and art. We also present the reasons, the practices, and the challenges of co-producing historical projects with non-professional members of the public. As a new paradigm, public history questions and reinvents the role of professional historians who share authority with other actors of the history-making process. We flesh out our arguments with examples from recent public history projects we developed in Luxembourg in 2024.

Studies investigating motivations for political participation in receiving-state politics among immigrant groups typically follow a traditional approach to understanding the process behind political engagement. In this work, the authors argue that this approach is insufficient if we want to understand the motivations of diasporic groups, notably in cases in which they are geographically close to home and influenced by both origin and receiving-state politics. This study examines the motivations for political party engagement among members of Bosnian diaspora in Austria and elucidates the links between political party membership and receiving-country political opportunity structures which formally result in political detachment from homeland politics. It does so through twenty-five interviews with Bosnian members of Austrian political parties conducted in fourteen cities in Austria. The article focuses on motivations for engagement in political parties which result in detachment from homeland politics and an identification with receiving-state politics. The findings reveal that pre-migratory experiences of war and membership in diasporic associations do not drive the motivations for engagement. Instead, their participation evolves from motives that are embedded in local experiences, while motives related to origin-state opportunity structures are negative or feebly present.

States were again unable to reach consensus on the text of a plastics treaty during negotiations in Geneva in 2025. The majority of states stood firm against petrochemical interests and demanded a “high-ambition” treaty with binding global obligations across the full life cycle of plastics. What these states specifically support, however, varies considerably, as does the strength of their commitment. The case of South Korea offers insights into how changes in political leadership, industry lobbying, shifting narratives and competing foreign policy goals can shape the nature of ambition. Early in the negotiations, South Korea called for ambitious measures and was chosen to host the final round of talks set for late 2024. Yet, this did not translate into meaningful action or strong advocacy in later stages. Some South Korean policymakers may have been sincerely committed to global controls. South Korea’s early signaling of high ambition, however, was primarily motivated by strategic calculations to influence the treaty and become a “global pivotal state.” Its support for ambition, moreover, grew increasingly ambiguous as leadership changed and as states describing themselves as “ambitious” pushed for binding controls on plastics production and supply. South Korea’s foreign policy strategy, we further argue, failed to enhance the country’s diplomatic standing, as its ambiguous ambition came to light, and as industry recalcitrance, bureaucratic infighting and political turmoil undermined its capacity for effective leadership.

The power of the legislature to override court rulings on rights—and to legislate ‘notwithstanding’ rights—is one of the most notable and controversial features of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 and the UK Human Rights Act 1998. By giving courts the power to protect rights, whilst giving the legislature the last word, the legislative override seems to solve the notorious counter-majoritarian difficulty. Yet in both jurisdictions, there has been a tendency to underuse the override. In this article, I argue that the underuse of the override is rooted in a set of unwritten constitutional norms requiring the branches of government to treat each other with comity and mutual respect—norms which preclude the legislature from regularly or lightly overriding court decisions. Foregrounding the principles of comity, collaboration, and conflict-avoidance, I argue that legislatures should apply—and in Canada and the UK generally do apply—a general presumption in favour of complying with judicial decisions, unless that presumption is rebutted by exceptional circumstances. Based on a close, comparative analysis of Canada and the UK, I then explore contemporary concerns about an increased use of the override in the Canadian context—and the potential for the Supreme Court of Canada to enter the fray by adjudicating the exercise of the override in challenging times.

We report a record-breaking 213.4 W continuous-wave diamond Raman laser operating at 1240 nm using polarization beam combining dual-fiber pumps and a quasi-Z-shaped cavity to suppress back-reflection. The secondary pump amplified the Stokes field without altering its polarization, confirming polarization-independent gain enhancement. Results demonstrate that high pump power, robust cavity design, reduced optical damage, temperature control of the mirror and crystal and parasitic Brillouin suppression were critical for maximizing Stokes output. The work surpasses the decade-old 154 W record, highlighting diamond’s potential in high-power applications.

This article examines the evolution of breastfeeding practices in twentieth-century China, focusing on the complex interplay between medical knowledge, state policies and social transformation. This study demonstrates how medical recommendations concerning lactation timing, intervals and weaning were shaped by factors beyond purely scientific developments. Mid-twentieth-century biochemical studies validated traditional practices while revolutionising attitudes towards colostrum, marking a critical juncture in Chinese infant nutrition science. Following the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949, maternal and child health initiatives underwent fundamental changes. Drawing on new understanding of breast milk’s nutritional value, health benefits, and economic advantages, healthcare professionals and state authorities actively promoted scientific breastfeeding methods. Their multifaceted approach reflected both the dissemination of medical knowledge and the state’s strategic consideration of female labour force participation. This study analyses how women’s liberation from feudal constraints, changing employment patterns, Soviet medical influence, and advances in artificial feeding technologies shaped breastfeeding practices. Through examining the intersection of medical advice, health policies, and women’s labour liberation, it provides fresh insights into the evolution of breastfeeding discourse within Chinese medical circles. Situating these developments within broader medical, social and cultural contexts, this research not only illuminates the multiple factors that shaped modern Chinese infant feeding practices but also contributes to our understanding of the complex relationships between medical practice, state policy, and social change in twentieth-century China.