The Euler–Euler (EE) approach derives its name from the fact that both the continuous and the dispersed phases are solved in the Eulerian frame of reference. For the fluid phase, the Eulerian frame is the natural choice and was pursued both in the particle-resolved (PR) and the Euler–Lagrange (EL) approaches. Particles are, however, inherently Lagrangian, and an Eulerian representation is possible only when the individual nature of the particles is erased. This requires that the particle-related Lagrangian quantities be suitably averaged, so that Eulerian fields of these quantities can be defined. The averaging process will allow particle volume fraction, particle velocity, and particle temperature fields to be defined as functions of space and time.
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