In this chapter we will discuss some of the numerical methodologies that are appropriate for particle-resolved simulations of multiphase flows. Our focus will be on PR-DNS, where all the flow scales of fluid motion are resolved along with the surface of the particles. PR-DNS simulations, however, come at a computational cost. The range of multiphase flow problems that can be simulated in a particle-resolved manner is limited. This limitation does not arise from the mathematical formulation. As discussed in Section 2.4, the mathematical formulation of PR-DNS is the easiest among all approaches to dispersed multiphase flows.
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