Fundamentals of Dispersed Multiphase Flows

The Euler–Lagrange (EL) approach is also often referred to as the point-particle approach, since the particles are taken to be point masses, as far as their interactions with the surrounding continuous phase are concerned. In the particle-resolved approach, the presence of the particles was fed back to the surrounding continuous phase through the no-slip, no-penetration, isothermal or adiabatic, and other boundary conditions. These boundary conditions, without additional closure assumptions, directly controlled the mass, momentum, and energy exchanges between the particles and the surrounding fluid. Furthermore, these exchanges, which are in the form of tractional force, heat, and mass transfer, are properly distributed around the surfaces of the particles, and they accurately account for the presence of boundary layers, wakes, and other microscale features around the particles.