As mentioned in Chapter 6, not only tariff barriers but also a wide range of non-tariff barriers restrict trade. While tariff barriers were systematically reduced since the late 1940s as a result of successive rounds of tariff negotiations, non-tariff barriers have in recent decades gradually become an ever more prominent instrument of protection. The recent increase in customs duties by some WTO Members in the context of trade wars or otherwise does not negate this trend of the heightened importance of non-tariff barriers as an instrument of protection.
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