While continued vigilance regarding customs duties and quantitative restrictions is increasingly important since the outbreak of the current trade wars, the importance of these traditional barriers to trade has gradually diminished over the past decades.1 Regulatory measures affecting trade in goods now commonly raise a more pressing challenge for international trade and the multilateral trading system.2 As discussed in Chapter 7, such regulatory measures can take the form of technical barriers to trade. This chapter deals with the WTO rules applicable to technical barriers to trade (TBT). The next chapter, Chapter 14, will deal with the different WTO rules applicable to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, which pose challenges to international trade similar to technical barriers to trade.
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