For an $\omega $-categorical theory T and model $\mathcal {M}$ of T we define a hierarchy of ranks, the n-ranks for $n < \omega $ which only care about imaginary elements “up to level n,” where level n contains every element of M and every imaginary element that is an equivalence class of an $\emptyset $-definable equivalence relation on n-tuples of elements from M. Using the n-rank we define the notion of n-independence. For all $n < \omega $, the n-independence relation restricted to $M_n$ has all properties of an independence relation according to Kim and Pillay [17] with the possible exception of the symmetry property. We prove that, given any $n < \omega $, if $\mathcal {M} \models T$ and the algebraic closure in $\mathcal {M}^{\text {eq}}$ restricted to imaginary elements “up to level n” which have n-rank 1 (over some set of parameters) satisfies the exchange property, then n-independence is symmetric and hence an independence relation when restricted to $M_n$. Then we show that if n-independence is symmetric for all $n < \omega $, then T is rosy. An application of this is that if T has geometric elimination of imaginaries and the algebraic closure in $\mathcal {M}$ restricted to elements of M of 0-rank 1 (over some set of parameters from $M^{\text {eq}}$) satisfies the exchange property, then T is superrosy with finite $U^{{{\unicode{x00FE}} }}$-rank.

This paper presents a brief history of archival provenance and its shifting role across different paradigms of archives, considering how this past work can provide insights into current trajectories of AI. It explores what archival provenance does, or can do, differently than current imaginations of data provenance in AI. It proposes three “lessons from archival provenance” that challenge the present focus of existing approaches in AI, in particular highlighting how narrowly this work structures and models evidence, authenticity and creatorship of data. These lessons can be used to identify new opportunities for applying concepts of archival provenance by presenting a roadmap for future work where AI research might align and converge with related work in archival theory. It concludes by asserting that grounding AI datasets in this perspective of archival provenance can realize a new paradigm of “data as archives,” serving to envision responsibilities to a range of data creators, determine needs for documentation of context and establish a crucial role for “data archivists.”

We propose a spatially resolved B-integral measurement method for high-power laser drivers based on off-axis aberration characterization. Theoretical analysis confirms the feasibility and high precision of this approach, in which coma-shaped intensity modulation is intentionally introduced into the laser system, imprinting nonlinear phase modulation with a corresponding aberration profile. The B-integral is then extracted by measuring the coma component of the output beam using a Shack–Hartmann sensor. The experimental results demonstrate a 5.8% deviation between the measured and simulated B-integral values for coma aberration, showing that the proposed method significantly outperforms the defocus-based measurement method (67.4% error) in terms of error reduction. This method does not require modifications to the laser setup, offers a single-shot measurement capability and achieves high accuracy and excellent repeatability. The direct quantification of wavefront phase distortions provides a practical solution for nonlinear phase modulation diagnostics in high-power laser systems.

This article examines the Peoples Bicentennial Commission (PBC), a New Left group founded in 1971 to provide an alternative to official celebrations of the 200th anniversary of the American Revolution that culminated on July Fourth, 1976. The PBC has gone down in history mostly as a disappointment for having failed to halt the rise of the New Right. This study, though, takes a longer view of history to argue that the PBC, despite its faults, pursued a red, white, and blue brand of patriotic protest that worked to rekindle traditions of dissent that date from the early republic. By embracing America’s revolutionary heritage and rediscovering forgotten practices, such as staging July Fourth protests and issuing alternative declarations of independence, the PBC helped not only to reinvigorate the left at a critical juncture in the 1970s but to model effective protest strategies moving forward.

As drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used in different scenarios, a variety of potential risks and safety challenges have arisen. One of the threats is that an increasing number of UAV encounter events are found near the airport in recent years, which pose significant dangers to manned aircraft and result in accidents. However, only a few studies examine the impacts of these events and propose effective countermeasures to enhance safety. To unveil the risks of UAV risk events (incidents or accidents) and examine the mechanism with risk factors, this study uses a tree-augmented naive Bayes network (TAN-BN). This method analyses the relationships among risk factors and UAV accidents/incidents to assess the efficacy of risk mitigation measures. Environmental, technological and human factors are simultaneously considered in constructing the Bayesian network. The analysis results reveal 12 specific risk factors that are significantly associated with UAV accidents/incidents in UAV operation scenarios, among which flight control system failure (the most critical factor), remote communication failure, other aircraft approaching, loss of electrical power, adverse weather, electromagnetic interference, operational errors, violations and risk factors leading to loss-of-control in flight are recognised as the most prominent factors. Based on these, five targeted risk mitigation measures are comprehensively implemented and evaluated. Moreover, a case study using UAV operation data near the Guanghan airport is introduced to justify the generalisability of the proposed TAN-BN model and the effectiveness of risk mitigation measures.

Policing has become a popular topic of inquiry in social science literature, but much of this attention has been confined to traditional forms of policing, focusing on state and municipal police departments or, in the case of schools, have focused on disciplinary policies. In seeking to expand the contours of what the scholarly community defines as police, we focus our attention on the origins of K-12 school policing. Specifically, using a multi-modal historical approach, we provide a history of when and why police were stationed in schools in cities throughout the United States. Focusing on the sequencing of events, we show that when the dominant White status quo is challenged by the movement of Black people into formerly White dominated areas and demands are made for education equity from those groups, the state responds by bolstering fears of violence from Black youth and implementing punitive state structures in the form of placing police officers in schools.

Community Engagement and Outreach (CEO) Cores are a key component of the IDeA Clinical and Translational Research (IDeA-CTR) Program, serving to develop and implement capacity-building initiatives that empower communities to engage and collaborate with investigators in community-engaged research. To strengthen collaboration and shared learning across sites, a CEO Special Interest Group was established. In 2022, the group conducted a landscape analysis to systematically characterize and categorize CEO Core activities across the IDeA-CTR network, with a focus on capacity-building efforts related to knowledge transfer, co-learning, and infrastructure development. The analysis revealed several common approaches to community engagement and capacity building across sites, as well as distinctive strategies tailored to the specific needs and communities served. Multiple innovative practices were identified and disseminated across the network, highlighting opportunities to enhance collective impact and inform future community-engaged efforts.

Using a two-fluid approach, we consider the properties of relativistically nonlinear (arbitrary $a_0$), circularly polarised electromagnetic waves propagating along a magnetic field in electron–ion and pair plasmas. Dispersion relations depend on how wave intensity scales with frequency, e.g. $a_0 (\omega )$. For superluminal branches, the nonlinear effects reduce the cutoff frequency, while the general form of the dispersion relations $\omega (k)$ remains similar to the linear case. For subluminal waves, whistlers and Alfvén, a new effect appears: dispersion curves effectively terminate at finite $\omega ^\ast {-} k^\ast$, where the group velocity becomes zero. Qualitatively, subluminal modes with fluctuating electric field larger than the guide field, $E_w (\omega ) \geqslant B_0$, cannot propagate. In extended systems, e.g. within magnetospheres of neutron stars, this leads to opening of the magnetosphere by a strong wave.

Selenium (Se) is a crucial element involved in various physiological processes and is essential for maintaining an active endogenous anti-oxidant system. This study aimed to examine the effects of different Se concentrations on oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immunity in juvenile Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta). Juvenile S. hasta, averaging 14.6 ± 1.7 cm in length and 87.4 ± 5.6 g in weight, were exposed to waterborne Se concentrations from 0 (control group) to 400 µg L−1 for 2 and 4 weeks. Concentrations of 320 and 400 µg L−1 were considered for the toxicity threshold test. Results indicated a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activity in the liver and gills following exposure. Additionally, the highest Se levels led to a notable rise in glutathione in both tissues. Catalase activity varied across different fish organs, with the liver showing the highest levels. Neurotoxicity assessments revealed that Se exposure decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and brain tissues. Moreover, high Se concentrations significantly boosted plasma and kidney lysozyme activity, indicating enhanced non-specific immune responses, although they also reduced peroxidase and anti-protease activities. These changes serve as effective indicators for evaluating Se toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.

Shanghai’s renewal has advanced rapidly, replacing old neighbourhoods with commercial complexes and large infrastructure. While these projects modernise the city, they often demolish historic areas that embody local identity and memory, disrupting long-standing communities and social networks. The city increasingly caters to tourists and investors, sidelining the value of generational communities beyond financial compensation. Drawing on fieldwork and photographic documentation, this article examines shifting urban functions and their impact on residents’ daily lives.

After more than 30 years of developer-led archaeology, the concept of ‘pacification’, the standard model of the invasion period in south-eastern Britain since the mid-twentieth century, can be reconsidered. The following is not about forts as such; it is about quality of evidence. It reviews proposed early forts south-east of the Fosse Way and concludes that few are genuine; some alternative functions are put forward. A broader explanation for the absence of early forts is offered in the context of friendly kingdoms: prior to the Claudian invasion, treaties may have been put in place between Rome and the polities of Verlamion and Silchester, which created a buffer zone to ensure the invasion’s success.