We introduce the relative Matsui spectrum, a new invariant associated with a stable infinity category equipped with an action. This construction generalizes both Balmer’s tensor triangular spectrum and Matsui’s triangular spectrum and provides a unified framework for classifying thick submodules. We establish its fundamental properties, including universality, comparisons with existing spectra and Stevenson’s support, fiberwise decomposition, and descent. Applications show that the relative Matsui spectrum recovers the underlying classical geometric spaces from categorical data in various settings: categories of perfect complexes of schemes, twisted derived categories, categories of singularities, and derived matrix factorization categories. Thus, the relative Matsui spectrum extends tensor triangular geometry beyond settings with a global tensor structure, while preserving geometric intuition.

In this paper, we construct an implementable algorithm that solves the conjugacy problem in twisted right-angled Artin groups (T-RAAGs). In certain cases, the complexity is known to be linear, by reducing the problem to the twisted conjugacy problem in RAAGs. We also show that T-RAAGs are biautomatic, providing an alternative solution to the conjugacy problem.

Although functional reasoning is ubiquitous in biology, and philosophers have concentrated intensely on theorizing function naturalistically, the measurement of function has largely been ignored. Given its centrality in life science practices, there is good reason to scrutinize functional measurement in detail. I undertake a preliminary analysis of this issue by focusing on the measurement of function in the context of biomechanics to make several observations (e.g., functioning is a complex organismal property that cannot be reduced to a single measured variable) and then draw out novel consequences for debates about biological function and philosophy of science discussions of measurement.

For the notion of degree of categoricity, we study an analogous notion for punctual structures. We show that such notions coincide for non-$\Delta _{1}^{0}$-categorical injection structures, and construct an example of a $\Delta _{1}^{0}$-categorical injection structure for which these notions differ. Additionally, we also show that in every non-zero c.e. Turing degree, there exists a PR-degree that is low for punctual isomorphism (to be defined), and also a PR-degree that is a degree of punctual categoricity.

Alisa Bokulich and Wendy Parker (2021) provide an account of data modeling they call the pragmatic-representational view (PR view). According to this view, data models are akin to theoretical models in that they should be evaluated based on their adequacy for particular purposes. In this paper, I present a challenge for the PR view. I argue that a separation between data generators and users can prevent adequacy-for-purpose from being a good evaluative tool. I analyze an example from microbiome bioinformatics to illustrate my critique of Bokulich and Parker’s view and then propose a tripartite disambiguation of the term ‘data model’.

Searches of unassociated gamma-ray sources in the Fermi-LAT catalogues have led to the discoveries of around a fifth of all known millisecond pulsars (MSPs). These searches have almost exclusively been performed at radio frequencies above 300MHz, where dispersion and scattering in the interstellar medium are less significant. We report on a shallow survey for pulsars targeting 308 unassociated Fermi-LAT sources in archival MurchisonWidefield Array (MWA) observations from the Southern-sky MWA Rapid Two-metre (SMART) pulsar survey at 154MHz. This is the largest radio survey of unassociated Fermi-LAT sources to date, and only the second to be conducted below 300MHz after a survey with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) that discovered three MSPs. Each source was observed for 20 min by digitally beamforming the MWA tile voltages. Searches were then performed using a new pipeline that implements a semi-coherent dispersion removal scheme for MWA data, enabling greater sensitivities to MSPs than is possible with fully-incoherent dispersion removal (e.g. 2–3 times better sensitivity for dispersion measures between 20–40 cm−3 pc). The pipeline was tested by blindly detecting five known MSPs, four of which are in short-orbit binaries. No new pulsars were identified in the survey, which we attribute to insufficient sensitivity. We estimate flux density limits of approximately 30–220 mJy at 154MHz (or 0.7–5.2 mJy at 1.4GHz) for a spin period of 2 ms and a duty cycle of 28%, with a dependence on the sky temperature and the offset from the phase-centre of the primary beam. We discuss how the improved instantaneous sensitivity from the Phase III upgrade of the MWA will increase the number of detectable gamma-ray pulsars by ∼ 30% for the same integration time. Additionally, the real-time beamformer (under development) will enable longer observations with sensitivities that are more competitive with previous surveys of Fermi-LAT sources. The semi-coherent search pipeline we have developed will also be useful for searches of supernova remnants, globular clusters, and pulsar candidates identified in imaging surveys, all of which will help to inform the significance of future surveys with SKA-Low.

Precision agriculture has significantly advanced in recent years and is now widely used to improve the quality and sustainability of agricultural products by applying the right treatment, in the right place, at the right time. This paper presents the development and testing of AGRIMARO.Q (AGRIcultural MAte RObot), a novel omnidirectional, three-wheeled robot designed for agricultural applications in structured environments such as greenhouses. The platform features a reconfigurable track-widening mechanism that enhances its versatility by allowing it to navigate crop rows of varying widths. The paper provides a detailed discussion of the robot’s design, focusing on the track adjustment system and steering wheel drive subsystems, as well as the kinematic model and low-level control systems. Then, experimental tests are presented to evaluate both the robot’s energy consumption and its behavior in executing certain trajectories, such as row traversal and inter-row transitions, in different terrain types, replicating typical greenhouse operations.

Engineering design applications that emphasize positive societal impacts are growing in popularity, yet often overlook the critical importance of engineering designers’ and stakeholders’ positionalities – their unique identities, experiences and resulting perspectives and social positions relative to others – in shaping design decisions. Insufficient attention to positionality can limit designers’ abilities to navigate complex problem contexts, engage diverse perspectives and address power dynamics, ultimately constraining the effectiveness and equity of design outcomes. However, little is known about how designers conceptualize and account for positionality in practice, particularly in the early stages of design when problem framing decisions are made. Therefore, this study explored how 10 engineering students and 10 practitioners conceptualized positionality in the initial stages of design for “social good,” where its impacts are especially pronounced. Each participant engaged in a written reflection and semistructured interview. Key findings include limitations in participants’ available language and strategies for accounting for positionality in design processes, particularly in the early stages, and that participants’ learning about positionality was largely driven by exposure to diverse identities and contexts. These insights highlight the limitations of engineering training and skillsets in design-for-social-good and emphasize the need for strategic, intentional consideration of positionality in design practice and education.

Judges may express underlying political preferences when speaking that can only be captured with audio and not text. Yet, it is unclear if audio or video recordings of judicial proceedings shape high courts’ legitimacy differently than written transcripts. We address this question with two survey experiments using short, real-world case excerpts from the US and UK. In sum, we do not find evidence that the method of delivery is associated with evaluations of court legitimacy as predicted by past studies. These null results persist when we account for the emotions that judges convey, perceived political inclinations of judges, and participants’ political preferences. Our findings offer novel insight into the relationship between high court attitudes and the medium through which judicial decisions are communicated.

Serena Williams splayed on a throne for Sports Illustrated, Ashley Harkleroad bending over on Playboy, and Anna Kournikova gazing sultrily on Penthouse, Maxim, and FHM—these are just a few examples of women tennis players showing copious amounts of glistening skin on newsstands since the early 2000s. Since the emergence of the Virginia Slims Tour and its provocative slogan, “You’ve come a long way, baby,” in 1970, it has been clear that sex and women’s tennis are a tight match. But the shared cultural history of sex and tennis precedes the 1970s and the Sexual Revolution. Focused on the period of 1874 to 1960, this article, a prehistory, follows the progression of the intimate and sexy imagery of women tennis players by examining everyday objects and occurrences—parties, paintings, postcards, photography, news and lifestyle magazine covers, pin-up art, film art, victory celebrations, exhibition tours, and panties—to reveal the sometimes shocking yet common and open ways in which women’s participation in tennis was sexualized. Women tennis players carried out their careers in a culture whose paradoxical exaltation and sexualization of their sport brought visibility and opportunities unheard of for women in less expensive and contact sports. Whether embracing, accepting, or recoiling at the situation, all navigated sexualized events, innuendos, and expectations. Part of “the golden age of American sports,” World War II, Wimbledon, and the battle over civil rights, this history casts light and shadow on tennis’s reputation and status as a space of sophistication and liberation for women.

Long-term unemployment (LTU) is a challenge for both jobseekers and public employment services. Statistical profiling tools are increasingly used to predict LTU risk. Some profiling tools are opaque, black-box machine learning (ML) models, which raise issues of transparency and fairness. The present paper investigates whether interpretable models could serve as an alternative, using administrative data from Switzerland. Traditional statistical, interpretable, and black-box models are compared in terms of predictive performance, interpretability, and fairness. It is shown that explainable boosting machines, a recent interpretable model, perform nearly as well as the best black-box models. It is also shown how model sparsity, feature smoothing, and fairness mitigation can enhance transparency and fairness with only minor losses in performance. These findings suggest that interpretable profiling provides an accountable and trustworthy alternative to black-box models without compromising performance.

This article examines Japan’s contemporary commercial whaling industry through the lens of “demand for demand,” i.e., efforts to 1) stimulate whale product consumption and 2) preserve the domestic industry, via public subsidy if necessary. Focusing on Shimonoseki, Japan’s principal pelagic whaling port, it analyzes strategies aimed at overcoming intergenerational whale meat consumption differences, particularly via the city’s public school lunch program. The article speculates that whale consumption is unlikely to recover and proposes a novel theoretical model for future research on the subject. I suggest that Japan has undergone an irreversible social regime shift away from whale-eating norms.

This research proposes a systematic method for design ideation with large language models (LLMs), grounded in the design operation model inspired by Christopher Alexander’s pattern language (PL). Design operation refers here to a tree of thought for the step-by-step definition of the design context behind a design problem, the functional requirements, the physical attributes of alternative solutions and the generation of design alternatives that synthesize those attributes. To examine how the design operation improves LLM performance for design ideation, we implemented an architectural design ideation case study and compared four prompt methods for generating design alternatives. The four prompt methods are designed with and without the design operation and the PL. Respective prompts generated 100 design alternatives which were evaluated both by human experts and through computational diversity metrics. The results showed that prompts using the PL tend to generate design alternatives whose creativity is highly rated by humans, but are strongly influenced by the given knowledge and lack diversity, whereas prompts incorporating the design operation have the potential to enhance validity and feasibility and attribute diversity.