From schoolroom reenactments of the Constitutional Convention to in-Congress readings and Broadway shows, performance comprises a crucial mechanism by which laypeople in the US understand “constitutionality”—the practices, laws, and actions permissible within the US political arena. These performances illustrate that constitutionality is not simply a set of legal procedures and concepts defined by a document, but a cultural field of which legal practices are one pillar. They also clarify how constitutional protections have come to be abrogated in their own name, and urgently call for intervention.

The association between armed conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well established. However, the mechanisms or drivers of this relationship are less well understood. This review provides a systematic synthesis of published literature on the factors driving the association between violence in the public and private spheres. Five databases (Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PubMed) were systematically searched to identify all studies examining potential drivers. Inclusion criteria specified that studies should be based on adult samples, should measure or analyse the impact of conflict exposure, and should provide some insight into the drivers of the association between armed conflict and IPV, rather than only documenting the association. A total of 49 studies (25 qualitative and 24 quantitative) met the inclusion criteria. Identified drivers included individual, relational and structural factors. Among the most empirically supported drivers were conflict-related trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress associated with the economic effects of conflict and changes to gender roles and norms in the post-conflict setting. The intersection of these factors, particularly gender roles and economic factors, also emerged as a significant dynamic across multiple studies. The findings highlight the importance of integrating gender considerations, including IPV prevention and response, into humanitarian programming. There is a need for further research and theory-building to better integrate the factors operating at both individual and societal levels, and to better incorporate consideration of the influence of historical factors such as legacies of imperialism and colonial violence.

Uncontrolled acute haemorrhage remains a leading cause of death in emergency situations such as warfare, traffic accidents and surgical procedures. Current clinical haemostatic materials have numerous limitations such as allowing high levels of blood loss, having slow clotting rates, being non-degradable and being difficult to fit onto complicated wounds. Due to their high water absorption, surface negative charge, ion-exchange capacity, abundant availability and good biocompatibility, clay minerals show promise as haemostatic materials. Herein, we review recent advances in the field of haemostasis involving clay minerals including kaolinite, zeolite, halloysite, montmorillonite and palygorskite, among others. The fabrication methods and performance in vitro and in vivo for these wound dressings are introduced, and their haemostatic properties are correlated with the chemical composition and microstructure of the clays. Then, the haemostatic mechanisms of the clays are discussed. To satisfy the needs of diverse clinical applications, the development of high-performance and functional haemostatic materials based on clay minerals should be conducted via the engineered design of these wound-healing materials. In the future, the integration of multiple functions, including haemostasis, antibacterial activity, promotion of tissue repair/regeneration, high biocompatibility, degradability, ability to fit complicated wound shapes and low cost, will enable the development of next-generation wound dressings based on clay minerals.

The principles of replication, randomization and local control as put forward by R.A. Fisher a century ago are all well known and adhered to in most experiments. In some applications, however, lack of randomization is still practised. One particular area where this is common is on-farm experimentation. Hence, revisiting these important principles seems useful. In this paper, we particularly consider the use of uniformity trial data to empirically assess the validity of experimental designs in terms of the estimation of error and empirical Type 1 error rates. We compare classical designs such as the completely randomized design and the randomized complete block design to systematic designs. Moreover, following a suggestion in Fisher’s 1925 book, we propose a design optimized for a positional covariate of the plots. These designs are compared to two systematic designs. In addition to simple linear models, we consider a specific kind of spatial model for analysing systematic designs. Our results show that properly randomized designs yield valid inferences, whereas with systematic designs there is a risk of biased estimates of error. The design optimized for the positional covariate, while entailing some mild restriction on randomization, still provided valid inferences. In conclusion, our recommendation is to always use properly randomized designs.

The mammalian skull plays important roles in sensing, communication, and obtaining and processing food. These diverse functions make the skull a natural target for investigating how developmental processes and selective pressures related to ecology interact to produce patterns of morphological evolution. Here, we investigate the evolution of the equid skull through the lens of craniofacial evolutionary allometry (CREA), a pattern of relative facial elongation in larger mammals that has been hypothesized to result from similar patterns of facial elongation over ontogeny. Using 3D geometric morphometrics and linear measurements, we describe the major axes of shape variation in the equid skull, test whether equids follow or deviate from the CREA pattern over the clade’s evolutionary history, and assess whether the evolution of high-crowned teeth (hypsodonty) is related to relative facial proportions, all in an explicitly phylogenetic context. We find that equids deviate from the CREA pattern and that the evolution of hypsodont dentition did not significantly influence facial proportions in the group. Importantly, these results are only apparent when using statistics appropriate for phylogenetic data. Comparison with previously published data on facial proportions from modern equids indicates that ontogenetic patterns of facial elongation do not scale to produce patterns of facial proportions observed at the intraspecific and evolutionary levels. Taken together, our results complicate the historic narrative that a single set of selective factors drove patterns of morphological evolution within the group.

Voters must often resolve dilemmas between choosing their favorite candidate and the one likeliest to win an election. Researchers know surprisingly little about how voters even conceptualize electability, let alone make these decisions. We use two novel survey experiments to evaluate how voters trade off policy agreement and electability in their decisions. The first experiment presents respondents with policy agreement between themselves and candidates and candidates’ electability rankings on the same scale, allowing us to directly compare. We show that while making electability information salient modestly reduces support for candidates with limited prospects, respondents remain primarily policy-motivated. Additionally, we show that respondents actually construe electability as a signal about a candidate’s qualifications rather than as a signal about getting votes.

Philosophers of science are increasingly pursuing engaged work that addresses scientific and societal challenges. Previous scholarship has mapped forms of engagement and proposed reforms to enhance its impact. This paper examines the methodological decisions structuring engaged inquiry through qualitative content analysis of 40 peer-reviewed publications from Socially Relevant/Socially Engaged Philosophy of Science (SRPoS/SEPoS), Field Philosophy, and Philosophy in Science. I identify five recurring heuristics: problem-oriented framing, audience-tailored framing, context-sensitive integration, methodological modulation, and normative structuring. These capture higher-order methodological decisions with implications for how engaged philosophy of science is understood, evaluated, and taught.

Preterm-born children are at increased risk for executive function (EF) deficits, particularly in inhibitory control. While bilingualism has been linked to enhanced EF in term-born children, its effects on preterm populations are less understood. This study explored whether bilingualism supports inhibitory control in preterm-born children using behavioral and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data during a Go/No-Go task. Sixteen preterm-born children (ages 6–7), both bilingual and monolingual, were assessed. Bilingual participants demonstrated faster reaction times (RTs) without compromising accuracy and showed lower levels of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) in the frontal lobe, indicating more efficient neural effort. Results underscore a distinct neural and behavioral profile in bilingual preterm children during inhibitory control tasks, emphasizing the role of language experience in shaping EF outcomes. These findings suggest that bilingualism may offer cognitive benefits for inhibitory control in preterm-born children and highlight the potential for bilingualism to support EF development in at-risk groups.

American politics scholars have long argued for the centrality of Black group consciousness in political decision-making for African Americans, regardless of class. However, what has not been completely explored is whether there are specific circumstances in which class-based concerns are prioritized for middle-class African Americans over racial group considerations. This paper explores whether the specific circumstance of direct economic threat heightens the relevance of class considerations over racial group considerations for local redistributive policy preferences among Black homeowners. Utilizing a novel survey experiment, I directly pit economic self-interest against racial group solidarity to analyze the prioritized political consideration for affluent Black political decision-making. I argue that the strength of racial group solidarity will extend to African American homeowners foregoing their own economic self-interest, defined as their property value, for the benefit of the overall racial group. Findings support my hypotheses and demonstrate that Black homeowners higher in linked fate are most likely to show the highest levels of support for the redistributive policy when low-income tenants are explicitly described as Black, as compared to the White condition or the control. These findings point to the effects and non-effects of economic self-interest in Black political decision-making depending on the racialized context. Lastly, this inquiry points to the resilience of Black group racial solidarity and its role in the formation of Black policy preferences irrespective of class-based intra- group differences.

This article takes up the question of the possible existence of an ‘Auctus’ version of Suetonius’ De uita Caesarum: D. Rohrbacher raised legitimate doubts in an article published in 2009 about divergences between quotations in Servius and Suetonius’ text; yet nobody has given them proper attention. This article therefore reviews all occurrences at stake, trying to understand where the divergences may come from, then confronts another discrepancy between Suetonius, Aurelius Victor and the Epitome de Caesaribus on the one hand, and Jerome and Eutropius on the other. It concludes that the hypothesis of a Suetonius Auctus is not necessary to explain these differences, which rather help us better understand how ancient scholars could work.