This paper studies the $4$-ranks of narrow class groups in certain families of quadratic fields. We prove that for any positive integer n, there exists an integer $s_\lambda (n)$ depending on n and the sign $\lambda $ of the fundamental discriminant D, such that for any choice of $s_\lambda (n)$ integers $t_1, \ldots , t_{s_\lambda (n)}$, there are infinitely many D for which the narrow class group of $\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {D + t_i})$ has $4$-rank bounded by n for all i. This result extends previous work on $3$-ranks to the case of $4$-ranks.

This paper examines the history-making of the first two Raffles Professors of History at the University of Malaya, C.N. Parkinson and K.G. Tregonning, to demonstrate the impact Malaya’s decolonisation had on the historiographical practices of the university’s History Department. It argues that both historians, animated by Malaya’s decolonisation, attempted to re-frame Malayan history – through adopting a ‘world-historical’ and ‘autonomous history’ framework respectively – to meet what they perceived were the needs of a post-independence multiracial Malaya. Although both historians claimed to be producing histories for an independent Malaya, and while their frameworks were indeed methodologically innovative, both historians ultimately produced histories that continued to frame Malayan history using western frameworks. They were thus partially decolonised historians writing partially decolonised histories for a partially decolonised Malaya.

Working closely with a detailed 1582 register of the free Afro-Peruvian population of Cusco, Peru, this article explores how the strategic representations of individual registrants reflect the intersectional impact of unfree labor practices and increasing racial marginalization in the early colonial Andes. The growing population of free Afro-Peruvian men and women navigated practices and policies that promoted racial inequalities and coerced labor based on race, class, and gender. The 1582 registry reflects municipal attempts to subject Cusco’s free Afro-Peruvians to ordinances that acknowledged the relative independence of skilled workers (oficiales), while requiring others to reside and serve in the homes of Spanish masters (amos). Analyzing entries for the nearly 150 people registered reveals ways that intersectional status and identity affected the experience of registration and the strategies for providing personal information to the Spanish notary. The declarations and omissions contained in the document highlight personal choices that people made to preserve their independence and that of their families. The social and economic independence displayed by many oficiales contrasts with the silence of individuals who lived and worked in the households of wealthy and powerful Spaniards, navigating unequal and enmeshed relationships. The range of individual experiences and statuses evident in the 1582 registry helps explain why the restrictive goal of the proceeding failed in the following years, as well as why a free Afro-Peruvian community did not flourish in Cusco during the later colonial period.

This paper presents a reliability-constrained Bayesian optimization framework for structural design under uncertainty, addressing challenges in stochastic optimization where the objectives and constraints are defined implicitly by potentially expensive numerical models. Our approach explicitly accounts for parameter uncertainty using results from Bayesian quadrature for uncertainty propagation in Gaussian process surrogate models. The method accommodates arbitrary probability distributions and employs gradient-based optimization for acquisition function maximization, strategically selecting sample points to minimize numerical model evaluations. We demonstrate our algorithm’s superior performance over random search and conventional Bayesian optimization through both an analytical test function and a prestressed tie-beam design case study, showing its practical applicability to structural optimization problems.

Notating electroacoustic music can be challenging due to the uniqueness of the instruments employed. Electronic instruments can include generative components that can manipulate sound at different time levels, in which parameter variations can correlate non-linearly to changes in the instrument’s timbre. The way compositions for electronic instruments are notated depends on their interfaces and the parameter controls available to performers, which determine the state of their sound-generating system. In this article, we propose a notation system for generative synthesis based on a projection from its parameter space to a timbre space, allowing to organise synthesiser states based on their timbral characteristics. To investigate this approach, we introduce the Meta-Benjolin, a state-based notation system for chaotic sound synthesis employing a three-dimensional, navigable timbre space and a composition timeline. The Meta-Benjolin was developed as a control structure for the Benjolin, a chaotic synthesiser. Framing chaotic synthesis as a specific instance of generative synthesis, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the state- and timbre-based representation we designed based on the thematic analysis of an interview study with 19 musicians, who composed a piece using the Meta-Benjolin notational interface.

Bilinguals vary in their daily-life language use and switching behaviours, which are also frequently studied in relation to other processes (e.g., executive control). Measuring daily-life language use and switching often relies on self-reported questionnaires, but little is known about the validity of these questionnaires. Here, we present two studies examining test–retest reliability and validity of language-use questionnaires (relative to Ecological Momentary Assessment, Study 1) and language-switching questionnaires and tasks (relative to recorded daily-life conversations, small-scale Study 2). Test–retest reliability and validity of the LSBQ (Anderson et al., 2018) were high and moderate, respectively, suggesting this questionnaire can capture daily-life language use well. Although only examined with a small sample size, Study 2 suggested relatively low validity of most language-switching questionnaires, with short language-production tasks potentially offering a more valid assessment. Together, these studies suggest that tools are available to reliably capture language use and switching with (a certain degree of) validity.

This study examines intergroup bias among members of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland—a high-status ethnolinguistic minority group. Drawing on social identity theory and intergroup threat theory, the study explores ingroup favoritism and identifies key predictors of individual-level bias. Using survey data from 1,096 Swedish-speaking Finns, the study uses trait-based evaluations of both ingroup and outgroup members. Results show that intergroup bias is prevalent, particularly in the form of ingroup favoritism for positive traits. Analyses reveal that strong ethnolinguistic identity and perceived intergroup threat significantly predict higher levels of bias, while language identity, Finnish language proficiency, and intergroup contact show no consistent relationships. These findings suggest that even in socially stable and egalitarian contexts, perceived threats to group identity can sustain intergroup bias.

An element x of a lattice L is modular if L has no five-element sublattice isomorphic to the pentagon in which x would correspond to the lonely midpoint. We classify all modular elements of the lattice of all monoid varieties.

New parties have emerged across European democracies, forcing established parties to develop strategies to campaign against them. But how do supporters want their established parties to respond to these new parties? Using survey experiments in 14 European countries, we examine how party supporters react to responses their preferred parties might take to the rise of a hypothetical new party. Our results primarily highlight that voters care about substantive representation. They endorse accommodative responses towards a new party offering a policy they agree with. Thus, the extent to which party responses bind supporters to established parties is highly contingent on the distribution of policy positions among their supporters. Often, established parties must walk a precarious tightrope, balancing the need for unity with some degree of tolerance for dissent. Hence, our results explain why parties accommodate the position of new parties, despite recent evidence that doing so can be electorally detrimental.

This talk examines how corpus linguistics and artificial intelligence treasure the potential to reshape contemporary language learning ecologies. It argues that the rapid normalisation of generative AI has intensified the need for pedagogical models that combine low-friction access to language support with transparent methods grounded in attested usage. Drawing on ecological perspectives and recent empirical research, the talk shows how AI-driven environments expand opportunities for language learning while creating risks related to opacity and over-reliance. Corpus linguistics, data-driven learning and corpus literacy offer a complementary foundation by providing traceable evidence, reproducible analyses, and practices that foster learners’ critical judgement. Two convergence scenarios are proposed: AI as an extension of DDL, and corpus literacy as the operational core of critical AI literacy. Together, these scenarios illustrate how open-box pedagogies can reconcile responsiveness and accountability, ensuring that AI-mediated learning remains anchored in transparent processes and empirically grounded language knowledge.

Analyzing topics and emotions in social media activism offers valuable insights into the competing voices that shape digital discourse. However, existing research has largely neglected the influence of geographic and linguistic diversity on public dialogue during crises. To address this gap, it is essential to recognize the varied perspectives of local communities and language groups. Doing so helps uncover specific local needs, ensures more inclusive representation, and supports the development of solutions that are responsive to the local context. We leverage machine learning models to analyze 1,036,111 public tweets from the #NoMore movement, including tweets containing #NoMore, #EthiopiaPrevails, and #SayNoMore. Our analysis examined the differences in content, emotional responses, and user influence by comparing tweets from Ethiopia and the United States (US), as well as those written in English and Amharic. The findings reveal distinct societal perspectives, emotional expressions, and opinion dynamics. Ethiopian users emphasized local issues with higher fear and joy responses, while users from the US leaned toward peace-related themes with spikes in anger. Amharic tweets focused on domestic concerns with greater emotional intensity than English tweets. These insights help surface region and language-specific perspectives often marginalized in mainstream coverage, paving the way for more inclusive and effective approaches to societal challenges.

How and to what extent can populism emerge in a new democracy where strong populism politics has not previously existed? Contrary to earlier findings that the effects of populism on voting have been minimal in South Korea, the 2022 presidential campaigns were marked by populism rhetoric and mobilisations, raising questions about the sudden rise of populism politics. This paper argues that even in a new but consolidated democracy that has been relatively free from the threat of populism, populism can influence elections when politicians mobilise economic grievance and political dissatisfaction, and when voters with latent populist attitudes resonate with such appeals. To support this argument, this paper analyses all official campaign speeches and assesses their level of populist rhetoric with holistic grading methods. Quantitative analysis of pre- and post-election surveys shows that, while populist attitudes did not significantly influence vote choice before the campaign, voters with stronger populist attitudes were more likely to vote for the candidate who delivered more populist speeches after the campaign began. These findings demonstrate that populist voting can be activated even in political contexts without a strong historical presence of populism.

Experts step into global governance most prominently in times of crisis. But if crisis governance at international organizations (IOs) involves the construction of specific temporal horizons, how do these horizons affect the constitution of expert authority? This article argues that expertise produced under such conditions – to meet a demand for ‘timely’ knowledge – differs substantively from other kinds of expertise. Crisis governance thus contributes in notable ways to the pluralization of expertise. The article examines this phenomenon in the case of the relatively recent proliferation of rapid response mechanisms (RRMs). By examining the making and implementation of RRMs at two major IOs – the World Health Organization and the World Food Programme – the article offers a new understanding for how RRMs have become part of institutional repertoires of expertise. Based on this, it contends that RRM-based timeliness claims a shift in expert knowledge production from credentialed individuals to infrastructures and standardized procedures; second, they prioritize large homogenous datasets over consultation and contestation among different experts; and third, they streamline expert selection such that experts are recruited from existing intra-institutional pools rather than third parties. Jointly, these shifts speed up monitoring and reaction capabilities, but also risk eroding important checks on expert overconfidence.