This study explores the pig-raising practices of Chinese migrants in Los Angeles Chinatown during the Chinese Exclusion Era. Chinese butcher shops sold pork meat, and previous research indicates that they likely sold the more profitable parts outside of Chinatown for additional income while consuming cheaper cuts themselves. Using dental calculus analysis and archival research, this study further explores how Chinatown residents relied on pork to thrive in an anti-Chinese environment. Dental calculus results suggest that Chinese migrants raised their own pigs with food waste and by-products from rice fields; this pork was then sold to meat markets or consumed within the community. The analysis of immigration records indicates that Chinese butcher shops provided employment opportunities as well as housing, banking, and immigration support for Chinese migrants. Pig raising, therefore, not only supplied a source of meat for Chinese migrants but also supported a range of social and financial services for a marginalized group that faced everyday discrimination from dominant society. Overall, this study traces the labor and networks that small businesses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries needed to source and distribute pork, and it highlights how a Chinese diasporic community developed a pork production system to resist racism.

Yours of the 9.th of May came hither after Coll. Sackville's departure, and finds this Garrison at present under my command, wherein I shall endeavour to behave my self with that fidelity and vigilance as becomes so great a trust, and that zeal I have ever had for his Ma.ties service which I study to promote here. I cannot but recommend myself and affaires to your protection that they may have the happinesse of being represented favourably to his Maj.tie.

I very much appreciate that Brittany Farr, Katie Moore, and Sharon Murphy took the time to write thoughtful and constructive responses to my essay. Collectively, their work spans three centuries and covers law, money, race, violence, financial institutions, and the social experiences of economic processes, and they approached my proposal for a new variety of capitalism from a set of shared interest and expertise in the histories of economic life. They reach drastically different conclusions on the historiographical trend known as the new history of capitalism (NHOC) generally, and martial capitalism, specifically.

In times of health reform, fiscal restraint and population aging, it becomes increasingly imperative to understand what must be done to better link research and policy in the health area. In this paper, the major determinants of healthy aging are discussed in terms of current conceptual frameworks of health, measurement, methodologies, and data sources. In order to maximize the benefit for the health of current and future Canadian seniors, policy recommendations are made to Statistics Canada, Health Canada, and the Seniors Independence Research Program (SIRP) which cover a range of issues related to measurement and data sources, health services, health status, economic status, and education.

Search and rescue teams and Antarctic research groups use protective cold-water anti-exposure suits (AES) when cruising on Zodiacs. Extremity tourniquet (ET) self-application (SA) donned with AESs has not been previously studied. Our study therefore assessed the SA of 5 commercial ETs (CAT, OMNA, RATS, RMT, and SWAT-T) among 15 volunteers who donned these suits. Tourniquet‘s SA ability, ease of SA, tolerance, and tourniquet preference were measured. All ETs tested were self-applied to the upper extremity except for the SWAT, which was self-applied with the rest to the lower extremity. Ease- of- SA mean values were compared using the Friedman and Durbin-Conover post hoc tests (P < 0.001). Regarding the upper extremity, OMNA achieved the highest score of 8.5 out of 10, while RMT, and SWAT received lower scores than other options (P < 0.001). For lower extremities, SWAT was found to be inferior to other options (P < 0.01). Overall, OMNA was the best performer. The RATS showed significantly lower tolerance than the other groups in repeated- measures ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.01). Additionally, out of the 5 ETs tested, 60% of subjects preferred OMNA. The study concluded that SA commercial ETs are feasible over cold-water anti-exposure suits in the Antarctic climate.

Inadequate intake of age-specific energy and nutrients is among the prime immediate causes of child malnutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the energy, protein and Fe densities of pre-processed dabi teff-field pea-based optimised novel complementary flour and its contribution to daily energy and nutrients demand by 6–8, 9–11 and 12–23 month-old children. The optimal formula at overall optimisation was identified to be 34·66 % dabi teff, 25 % barley, 15 % oats, 15·34 % field pea, 5 % linseed and 5 % maize with response values of 15·74 % protein, 5·09 % fat, 2·26 % ash, 2·88 % fibre, 73·05 % carbohydrate, 1591·72 kJ/100 g (380·43 kcal/100 g) energy, 32·21 mg/100 g Fe, 77·51 mg/100 g Ca and 2·59 mg/100 g Zn. The energy density of the optimised novel complementary flour was 1·27 kcal/g which fulfilled the Pan American Health Organization/WHO recommendation (≥ 0·8 kcal/g), protein density was 4·14 g/100 kcal and the Fe density was 8·47 mg/100 kcal, which was 2·12 to 10·59 times higher than the recommended value where the optimal had demonstrated to contribute more than 100 % of the daily energy and protein demand and notably more than 200 % of daily Fe demand at moderate bioavailability (0·8–4 mg/100 kcal). These findings showed that the daily recommended dietary allowance for energy, protein and Fe could be attained by the developed dabi teff-field pea-based optimised novel complementary flour and its contribution to the children’s daily energy and nutrients demand met the standard, where the product can be used as food-based nutrition intervention to manage protein-energy malnutrition and Fe deficiency anemia in children sustainably.

Drug-related illness (DRI) is a common problem in the elderly. Misuse of medications and inappropriate prescribing account for over half of all hospital admissions for DRI and both are potentially preventable. Physicians are the gatekeepers to prescription medication access and, in this role, they have the opportunity to prevent exposure to unnecessary and inappropriate medication and influence the use of medications by their elderly patients. Effective interventions to improve physician prescribing have been identified but they are costly to introduce, they require ongoing maintenance to maintain their effectiveness, they do not address the problems created by multiple prescribers or the challenges of keeping up-to-date on the growing number of new drugs that enter the market each year. Computer-based drug information networks and expert decision-making support systems are proposed as one means of providing (1) an accurate record for the prescribing physicians of drugs currently dispensed to their elderly patients, (2) a review of problems in existing and new prescriptions, and (3) an expert resource to select drug treatment. Canada is in an ideal situation to pioneer the development of these systems, but to do so, policies need to be put in place to address three problems. First, there is inadequate information available about the risks and benefits of drugs in the elderly because older sicker adults are often excluded in clinical trials of drug-effectiveness. Requirements for drug approval need to be amended so that sufficient evaluation of the risks and benefits of new drugs are carried out in the elderly. Second, computerization in the health care sector is central to the development of electronic decision-support systems in health care delivery. Future policy needs to be directed to the development of an effective infrastructure to facilitate the transition to an integrated computerized health sector. Third, the ethical and legal issues related to the access of prescription data through electronic networks need to be identified and clear guidelines for use of this new technology need to be developed.

Healthy diet and dietary diversity have been associated with healthy ageing. Several scores have been developed to assess dietary diversity or healthy diets in epidemiological studies, but they are not adapted to be used in the context of preventive nutrition interventions. This study aimed to develop an occurrence-based healthy dietary diversity (ORCHID) score easy to implement in the field and to validate it using dietary data from older participants in the latest French food consumption survey (INCA3). The ORCHID score was made of several components representing the consumption occurrences of twenty food groups, in line with French dietary guidelines. The score was then validated using dietary data (namely three 24-h recalls and a food propensity questionnaire) from 696 participants aged 60 years and over in the INCA3 survey. Score validity was evaluated by describing the association of the score with its components, as well as with energy intakes, solid energy density (SED) and the probability of adequate nutrient intakes (assessed by the PANDiet). Higher scores were associated with more points in healthy components such as ‘fruits’ and ‘vegetables’ (r = 0·51, and r = 0·54, respectively). The score was positively associated with the PANDiet (r = 0·43) and inversely associated with SED (r = −0·37), while no significant association was found with energy intakes. The ORCHID score was validated as a good proxy of the nutritional quality of French older adults’ diets. It could therefore be a useful tool for both public health research and nutrition interventions.

For a path-connected metric space $(X,d)$, the $n$-th homotopy group $\pi _n(X)$ inherits a natural pseudometric from the $n$-th iterated loop space with the uniform metric. This pseudometric gives $\pi _n(X)$ the structure of a topological group, and when $X$ is compact, the induced pseudometric topology is independent of the metric $d$. In this paper, we study the properties of this pseudometric and how it relates to previously studied structures on $\pi _n(X)$. Our main result is that the pseudometric topology agrees with the shape topology on $\pi _n(X)$ if $X$ is compact and $LC^{n-1}$ or if $X$ is an inverse limit of finite polyhedra with retraction bonding maps.

Development of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate and/ or treat the pulmonary complications associated with exposure to chemical, radiological, and/ or nuclear weapons is a national, public health preparedness posture priority in the United States (US). Pulmonary exposure to either sulfur mustard vapor or radiation causes oxidative damage, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, and pro-fibrotic signaling cascades that lead to life-threatening and potentially debilitating lung disease. There is no MCM currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mitigate and/ or treat lung injury caused by sulfur mustard or radiation exposure. Thus, there remains a major unmet public health need for development of threat-agnostic, host-directed therapeutics that target common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the progression of acute and/ or late lung injury independent of the etiology of disease. This review describes the clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms of sulfur mustard and radiation-induced lung injury and regulatory considerations for MCM development under the non-traditional Animal Rule pathway.

Drug benefits policy-making for seniors in British Columbia has been increasingly influenced by research since 1993. The "evidence-based medicine" paradigm, which emphasizes the primacy of direct evidence from randomized control trials, inspired key policy-makers and influenced policy concerning coverage of new and existing drugs. New drugs, if more expensive than existing similar drugs, are not covered unless published randomized control trials show superior effectiveness. Indirect evidence of effectiveness, based on surrogates, is given less weight, and non-randomized studies are rarely considered. Evidence of cost-effectiveness of new drugs is reviewed separately. For existing drugs, a new reimbursement policy, Reference Based Pricing (RBP), was introduced, based on both direct and indirect evidence of comparative effectiveness of drugs. Implementation of RBP was complex and necessarily rapid, which meant that independent systematic review of evidence relevant to implementation issues was infeasible, particularly in regard to rapid prior authorization of exemptions to RBP. Contrasts between the processes for new and existing drugs provide insights into the difficulties of applying the idea of direct evidence-based policy-making in practice.

Intergenerational transfers are the essence of societal continuity, and yet not at all well conceptualized or analysed. Intergenerational transfers are also at the core of the welfare state concept of redistribution of resources and hence, of current social policy changes/challenges. In making a difference to policy choices and in linking research to policy, attention to intergenerational transfers focusses on the fundamental policy questions of guiding belief systems, family (or private) transfers versus public transfers among generations, and issues of intergenerational and cohort equity in the short and longer terms. This paper has four objectives: (1) Situating intergenerational transfers in socio-historical, international comparative, and current social policy contexts; (2) Developing a typology of intergenerational transfers that could provide the basis for answering thus far unanswerable key policy questions, such as whether the situations of seniors into future generations will be like those of seniors today; (3) Encouraging the collection of more complete and integrated data on intergenerational transfers in Canada, which would provide for more informed policy choices; and (4) Enumerating key policy questions that emerge from research and remain to be addressed. From analysis of what is known about intergenerational transfers and what remains to be known, an agenda for an information system, for future research and for addressing policy questions is outlined.