This article formulates an original account of the Enlightenment through an interpretation of C. L. R. James’s The Black Jacobins, a landmark work of transatlantic anti-colonial thought. It defends a dialectical account of the Enlightenment as a singular transatlantic historical process whose content and critical import changes across space and time. In The Black Jacobins, James shows the Enlightenment’s revolutionary and emancipatory political legacy by staging the dialectic of the Enlightenment in a colonial situation defined by a slave-plantation economy. James illustrates the Enlightenment’s political legacy as a “concrete universal” that has particular and singular aspects, each with its own unique contours. In doing so, the article considers other themes at the center of both historical and contemporary political theory such as how to best conceptualize colonialism; the traveling and misplacement of Enlightened ideas; and the critical importance of the dialectical legacy and critical theory in these efforts.

When do public policies influence citizens’ political attitudes and behavior, and among whom? We study this question using one of the largest social provision programs in the United States: the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We exploit the staggered roll-out of state-level EITC programs to estimate the causal effect of the program on elections, voter behavior, and attitudes about the government. Contrary to predictions from the policy feedback literature, we show that the credit leads to higher vote shares and approval ratings for the implementing governor. These effects are temporally limited to the first years of the credit’s availability and dissipate over time. Taken together, our results offer new insights about the conditions under which particularistic economic policies affect political outcomes.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar as relações transimperiais no extremo sul da América, entre os anos de 1722 e 1726, considerando as alianças das autoridades da América portuguesa, da espanhola, com as do reino e com os homens de negócio. Nessa perspectiva, como metodologia, tratou-se da análise da administração governativa de Pedro António de Vasconcelos, incluindo as indicações que fez para a ocupação de postos na alfândega criada na região, instituição da qual era autoridade máxima. Examinou-se, também, cartas, requerimentos, ordens, relação, verbetes de diversos agentes da administração, plantas e tratados, documentos que foram localizados nos arquivos brasileiros (Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro), argentino (Arquivo Nacional de La Nación Argentina), portugueses (Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino) e espanhol (Arquivo Geral das Indias). Tendo em vista os aspectos observados, a governação na Colônia do Sacramento deve ser entendida como uma forma de garantia de trânsito, circulação de informações e de contatos de diferentes grupos sociais no sul da América.

In 1920s Seattle, dance halls charging ten cents per dance became the focus of debate. Tracing the dance workers’ self-representations and labor organizing in a city increasingly hostile to interracial social spaces, this paper evaluates how gender, race, labor organizing, and politics intersected in unprecedented ways in Seattle’s nightlife. In a decade of tepid labor organizing and in a sexual labor sector where unions were extremely rare, female dancers in Seattle unionized. Moreover, they did so in what became under Mayor Betha Knight Landes (1926–1928) the first major American city to have a female mayor. The Women Dancing Entertainers’ Union’s (WDEU) tactics of emphasizing the respectability of their profession enjoyed initial successes, yet faltered when dance hall critics increasingly constructed the presence of interracial couples as a sign of immorality. The closure in 1929 of numerous ten-cent halls south of Yesler Way reflects how Anti-Asian prejudice entered into regulation of the city’s nightlife, adversely impacting dance hall workers, women in politics, and minoritized men. The WDEU’s insistence that they were upstanding workers and economic providers nonetheless provides a powerful corrective to contemporaries’ and, until recently, historians’ tendency to overlook sexual sector night labor.

Spain increased its minimum wage (MW) by 22% in 2019. Given the intense debate in the economic literature on the impact of MW increases on the labour market, we conduct an impact assessment of this policy. The synthetic control method will be used to replicate the Spanish labour market by means of a pool of European countries that, in the absence of other reliable measures, simulates the evolution of Spanish employment. This will allow us to identify the causal effect from the increase in the MW. After applying the technique, the increase in the MW is found to have no effect on employment. The results have been subjected to robustness tests such as leave one out or segmentation by gender or age.

Research studies involving human subjects require collection of and reporting on demographic data related to race and ethnicity. However, existing practices lack standardized guidelines, leading to misrepresentation and biased inferences and conclusions for underrepresented populations in research studies. For instance, sometimes there is a misconception that self-reported racial or ethnic identity may be treated as a biological variable with underlying genetic implications, overlooking its role as a social construct reflecting lived experiences of specific populations. In this manuscript, we use the We All Count data equity framework, which organizes data projects across seven stages: Funding, Motivation, Project Design, Data Collection, Analysis, Reporting, and Communication. Focusing on data collection and analysis, we use examples – both real and hypothetical – to review common practice and provide critiques and alternative recommendations. Through these examples and recommendations, we hope to provide the reader with some ideas and a starting point as they consider embedding a lens of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity from research conception to dissemination of findings.

All spaces are assumed to be Tychonoff. Given a realcompact space X, we denote by $\mathsf {Exp}(X)$ the smallest infinite cardinal $\kappa $ such that X is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of $\mathbb {R}^\kappa $. Our main result shows that, given a cardinal $\kappa $, the following conditions are equivalent:

• • There exists a countable crowded space X such that $\mathsf {Exp}(X)=\kappa $.

• • $\mathfrak {p}\leq \kappa \leq \mathfrak {c}$.

$\mathfrak {d}\leq \kappa \leq \mathfrak {c}$

$2^\kappa $

$\kappa $

$\kappa $

$\mathsf {Exp}(X)$

A multiyear study was carried out at two citrus groves with mature trees in southwest Florida in the United States to evaluate the effects of cover cropping on the citrus interrow as a sustainable weed management strategy in the Florida citrus production system. Two cover crop (CC) mixes (legume + non-legume species and only non-legume species) were compared with a no-CC grower standard management (GSM) that utilized the herbicide paraquat for weed suppression in the citrus tree interrow spaces. We gathered data on the biomass and density of both CCs and weeds, during the spring and summer/fall CC planting seasons throughout the study years. Both mixes of CCs effectively reduced weed density in the citrus interrow by 58% to 99% (P < 0.05), depending on the growing season and study locations, compared with GSM. Additionally, there were no significant differences observed between the different CC mixes. Similarly, both CC mixes reduced the weed biomass by 95% to 99% (P < 0.05) in the citrus interrow compared with the GSM. However, weed suppression by CCs varied between growing seasons, mainly due to differences in germination and establishment of the CCs in each season.

Small and medium pelagic fish (SMPF, i.e. Scomber colias, Trachurus spp, Sardina pilchardus, and Sardinella spp) in the Canary Islands are mainly targeted by the artisanal purse-seine fleet. The waters in the archipelago (located in the coastal transition zone of the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Upwelling System) are monitored since the late nineties by a hydrographic section (RAPROCAN) designed to study the temporal variability of the eastern subtropical gyre. In this study we analyse the relationship between the SMPF abundance assumed from official sale notes (reported since 2007) and several oceanographic parameters obtained for the outermost water layer (Sea Surface Temperature, SST, and concentration of chlorophyll a, Chla) and from the 200–800 m depth waters (Sea Temperature, ST_200–800, and salinity, Salinity_200–800). Except for SST, statistically significant correlations occur between environmental variables and SMPF landings when one-year time-lag is considered, matching with the time period necessary for these species to attain legal catchable sizes and, hence, being catchable by the fishery. However, in the GLM only Chla resulted a significant explaining variable for the SMPF landings during the following year, probably because this strong correlation overshadows the ST_200–800 influence. Keeping the monitoring systems is crucial to understand, foresee and anticipate potential variations in the fishery resources and to aim the sustainable exploitation of the SMPF populations, even more challenging in the current climate change scenario.

Statutory minimum wages have become an important tool for regulating labor markets. One major reason is the decline in collective wage bargaining. But how can minimum wages be justified? We show that their best justification does not lie in their economic effects but in the respect for social contributors that they express. The article takes an innovative interdisciplinary approach, bridging political philosophy and comparative political economy. We first discuss existing justifications in political practice and theory. We then show how a distinctive and robust justification should regard minimum wages as paying necessary respect to those who fulfill their obligation to contribute to social cooperation. Our justification thus suggests a new concept of economic citizenship and advances recognition theory applied to work. We outline further implications of the argument, such as the desirability of setting minimum wages through collective bargaining, and a tentative case for a maximum income.

Among the most widely distributed species globally, common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.] has generated extensive interest in invasive plant science and management because its introduced strains are highly invasive and often form monocultures that alter ecosystem properties. In desert wetlands in Las Vegas, NV, USA, where management goals included reducing hazardous P. australis fuels and increasing native plant diversity, we assessed variation in P. australis cover, the degree of native plant colonization, and soil seedbanks after P. australis management treatments (cutting, glyphosate–imazapyr herbicide) and wildfires across gradients in soil properties. Based on change in P. australis cover during six measurement events over 24 mo, 24 study sites formed three groups: (1) decreasing cover, where initially high P. australis cover (60% to 85%) decreased to <5% following multiple cutting or herbicide treatments; (2) sustaining low cover, where wildfire or clearing was associated with initially low P. australis cover which remained low (<30%) after multiple herbicide applications; and (3) sustaining high cover (45% to 100% initially and remaining at 30% to 100%), including sites unmanaged or treated/burned only once. High soil salinity correlated with low postmanagement P. australis cover. No native plants were detected in the sustaining high P. australis cover group, despite natives occurring in the seedbank. Where management reduced P. australis cover, minimal native plant colonization did occur. Secondary invasion by other non-native plants was nearly absent. Our results suggest that if P. australis can be initially cleared, multiple herbicide applications can persistently keep cover low, especially on drier, saline soils. Slow native plant colonization suggests that a phased approach may be useful to initially reduce P. australis cover, keep it low via repeated treatments, and actively revegetate sites with native species tailored to the moisture–salinity gradient across P. australis–invaded habitats.

The robots of tomorrow should be endowed with the ability to adapt to drastic and unpredicted changes in their environment and interactions with humans. Such adaptations, however, cannot be boundless: the robot must stay trustworthy. So, the adaptations should not be just a recovery into a degraded functionality. Instead, they must be true adaptations: the robot must change its behaviour while maintaining or even increasing its expected performance and staying at least as safe and robust as before. The RoboSAPIENS project will focus on autonomous robotic software adaptations and will lay the foundations for ensuring that they are carried out in an intrinsically trustworthy, safe and efficient manner, thereby reconciling open-ended self-adaptation with safety by design. RoboSAPIENS will transform these foundations into ‘first time right’-design tools and platforms and will validate and demonstrate them.

Agricultural spray drone (ASD) use in managed turfgrass has been given limited attention in the scientific literature. Further, deposition patterns of ASD spray have been obscured in previous research by ambient wind, crop canopy interference, and limited sampling resolution. Using a continuous sampling method involving blue colorant and water sprayed over white Kraft paper that was assessed via digital image analysis of stain objects and referenced spectrophotometric analysis of extractant, deposition metrics were estimated across a 29.3-m transect perpendicular to an ASD or ground-sprayer spray swath. The ASD applies very fine droplets that are highly concentrated with herbicide, similar to ultra–low volume treatments, that improved smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] control compared with a ground sprayer when the ASD was operated 2 m above the turf. Unfortunately, these very fine droplets also drift, leading to four times greater droplet density at distance of almost 12 m away from the targeted spray swath following an operational height of 10 m compared with 2 m. As ASD operational height increases, drift and effective swath width at 30% coefficient of variation uniformity increases, while effective application rate, total deposition, and D. ischaemum control by quinclorac herbicide decreased. Total deposition decreased 6% for each meter increase in ASD operational height, likely due to evaporation. The potential losses due to evaporation are a serious consideration for ASD use that has received little attention in the scientific literature. Our data suggest that ASD operational height should be as low as possible, but modification of spray systems may be needed to improve homogeneity of spray pattern.

Throughout the twentieth century, considerable research has been dedicated to understanding the rise, development and end of ancient cities. In recent years, there has been a remarkable upsurge of new methodological and theoretical approaches applied in urbanism studies, which enables us to improve, validate or question our knowledge about ancient urban life. The three books reviewed here concern the development, transformation and experience of ancient Roman cities; leading experts in urban history and archaeology discussing the potential of new technologies and conceptual frameworks for analysing Roman urban space.