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Household dysfunction represents one of the most prevalent adverse childhood experiences worldwide, and has been previously associated with an increased risk for mental health problems. However, little is known about the protective role of emotional intelligence in this association.
Aims
To explore whether emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between household dysfunction and (a) substance use (age at first use and severity index) and (b) psychopathological status (behavioural/emotional problems, global functioning and number of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and pharmacological treatments).
Method
A simple mediation model was employed. A total of 187 children and adolescents aged 7–17 years, from the multicentre EPI-Young-Stress Project, were included in the study. Household dysfunction was assessed following the validated Tool for Assessing the Severity of Situations in which Children are Vulnerable (TASSCV) criteria and emotional intelligence was evaluated with the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire for Children Short Form (TEIQue-CSF) parent version.
Results
There is an indirect-only mediation effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between household dysfunction and children’s and adolescents’ age at first substance use (proportion mediated: 31.40%, 99% CI −0.53 to −0.02) and severity index (proportion mediated: 23.69%, 99% CI 0.50−0.34), as well as the number of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (proportion mediated: 45.38%, 99% CI 0.19−0.60) and psychiatric drugs prescribed (proportion mediated: 48.75%, 99% CI 0.19−0.57). A complementary mediation effect of emotional intelligence was found between household dysfunction and emotional/behavioural problems (proportion mediated: 56.37%, 99% CI 0.32−0.80), as well as global functioning (proportion mediated: 54.20%, 99% CI −0.72 to −0.28).
Conclusions
Emotional intelligence emerges as a putative protective factor against the negative consequences of household dysfunction on mental health and substance use. Emotional intelligence should be considered a primary target in preventing and promoting the health of youth exposed to household dysfunction.
What can we learn from the principles of feminism that might improve care for our patients – of any gender? How can psychiatry address its historically difficult relationship with women, and what can we, as mental health professionals, consider doing differently in our everyday work? We discuss what psychiatrists might learn from the work of feminist theorists, and what we can do as a profession to create a feminist psychiatry. This includes acknowledging and owning our troubled history, pressing for gender-sensitive mental healthcare, promoting trauma-informed care that is focused on the importance of developing collaborative therapeutic relationships and improving our ability to listen.
The sections that follow describe the project’s methodology. All stages of data collection were approved by the Faculty of Arts ethics committee at the University of Bristol.
The questionnaire responses discussed in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 were collected in 2024 in a survey of over 2,500 professionals based in the UK. I included a summary of the survey methodology in a preliminary report published by the Chartered Institute of Linguists. Some of the information provided below first appeared in that report.
I distributed the survey via Prolific (www.prolific.com), a database of pre-registered individuals who can be invited to take part in research. Only studies that offer remuneration to participants can be distributed via this service. Remuneration involves the risk of attracting participants who are only interested in the payment and who are therefore more likely to submit satisficing responses. On the other hand, remuneration can also be considered an ethical principle. It is a way of compensating participants for their time and of recognising the importance of their input.
Modern regulatory frameworks assume that the phenomena they govern are knowable: harms can be identified, probabilities estimated and risks balanced against benefits. This article argues that this assumption becomes unstable when applied to genuinely novel technologies. Drawing on Frank Knight’s distinction between risk and uncertainty, it contends that contemporary EU digital regulation – particularly the EU AI Act, alongside the Digital Services Act and the GDPR – applies the form of risk-based analysis to domains where the necessary epistemic foundations are absent. These regimes borrow models developed for pharmaceuticals and environmental regulation and extend them to technologies whose future effects remain deeply uncertain. The article traces the historical development of risk-based regulation, examining both its virtues and structural limitations. It argues that such frameworks systematically marginalize diffuse, long-term and structural harms, while delegating assessment to regulated entities thus creating incentives for conservative self-evaluation. It then explores decision-making under deep uncertainty (DMDU) as a source of alternative regulatory approaches, including adaptive and precautionary techniques. Finally, the article argues that risk assessment is inherently political, embedding normative choices that risk-based methodologies often obscure rather than resolve.
Humans selected hundreds of dog breeds, which show different levels of dependence on human-provided cues. While robust grouping factors, such as genetic relatedness-based ancestry and function-based cooperativeness, denote useful frameworks to analyse behavioural differences in dogs, they may lack fine enough resolution for a more detail-oriented understanding of human-oriented behaviours. Here, we focused on behaviour-based analysis of the characteristic reliance of dog breeds on human behaviour. We utilized N = 187 adult purebred dogs’ performance in a social learning task. Dogs observed a human demonstrator performing a detour around a transparent obstacle. With Principal Component Analysis, we established two behavioural dimensions: detour latency improvement and watching the demonstrator. Then, with K-means cluster analysis, we found six categories, based on different combinations of lower/higher values of the two dimensions. The clusters showed significant differences in both behavioural dimensions, highlighting attention combined with improvement types among purebred working dogs. Some extremes showed excellent improvement with only minimal attention to the human demonstrator, while others watched the human without improving their performance. We conclude that by finer analysis, it is possible to set up a dependence-based framework for the understanding of behavioural differences among dogs that go beyond functional breed-selection and ancestry.
This chapter examines the legitimacy and sustainability of sanctions against media outlets as a tool to counter foreign propaganda, focusing on the European Union’s restrictive measures against state-controlled Russian media following the invasion of Ukraine. While acknowledging the pressing need to address harmful disinformation and propaganda, particularly in times of war, we argue that the EU’s current sanctions model raises significant concerns regarding media freedom and freedom of expression. The chapter critically analyses the conceptual ambiguity surrounding ‘propaganda’ and ‘disinformation’ in international law, highlighting the tensions between content-based restrictions and fundamental rights. Drawing on comparative analysis of national approaches, particularly from Eastern European states, the chapter proposes an alternative tripartite framework for assessing media sanctions. This framework focuses on: (1) behaviour and content of media outlets; (2) adherence to principles of independent media and quality journalism; and (3) the relationship with ‘aggressor states’. We contend that this approach provides more objective criteria for identifying bona fide news media and propaganda channels, while better aligning with international human rights standards and the liberal understanding of media freedom.
We aimed to comprehensively assess Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections, examining their incidence and clinical and microbiological characteristics in a tertiary hospital between 2021 and 2023. Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and desirability-of-outcome ranking (DOOR). S. maltophilia incidence rose from 0.38 in 2017 to 2.66 cases/1000 patient-days in 2023, correlated with carbapenem consumption (rho = 0.90, p = 0.04). The cohort included 101 patients (median age of 61 years, IQR 43–71); 63% were male patients, 91% admitted in ICU, predominantly with lower respiratory tract infections (75%). Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) was identified in 14% of the isolates and associated with previous trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) use (aOR 23.15, 95% CI 3.67–145.77). Thirty-day mortality was 25% and associated with invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 5.80, 95% CI 1.03–32.63), while appropriate definitive therapy was protective (aOR 0.01, 95% CI <0.01–0.16). Worse DOOR outcomes were associated with levofloxacin-resistant isolates (69.3%, CI 55.9%–80.9%) and inappropriate definitive treatment (81.1%, 95% CI 68.2%–90.8%). Overall, S. maltophilia has emerged as a relevant carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria, with a high frequency of DTR phenotypes associated with previous TMP–SMX exposure. Appropriate therapy and levofloxacin susceptibility were linked to better outcomes.
Chapter 6 is a case study of multilingual communication in social work. It draws on in-depth interviews carried out with eighteen UK social workers. The interviews included vivid accounts of challenging scenarios. In one of them, a child protection team manager had to sit with a family for two hours while trying to contact a Vietnamese interpreter. A different social worker had concerns that human interpreters could fail to convey explicit but crucial details relating to rape and sexual abuse. Machine translation was used in all such cases. Its balance of risks and benefits was sometimes clear. More often, it was highly complex. Two problems raised by the social workers are foregrounded in the chapter. The first is the issue of languages for which both human and technological resources are less abundant. The second concerns additional needs that involve more than a barrier between verbal languages. The chapter draws attention to the practical challenges of navigating cultural and linguistic differences in the provision of social services. It echoes the social workers’ requests for more guidance and support.
In Employment Division v. Smith (1990), the U.S. Supreme Court held that neutral and generally applicable laws would no longer receive strict scrutiny review. Many feared that Smith had severely truncated the protection of the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause. Three years later, however, in a controversial Santerian slaughtering case, Douglas Laycock persuaded a unanimous Supreme Court in Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah to highlight an important limitation on the Smith neutrality standard. Both “masked as well as overt” government hostility, targeting, or discrimination against religion are constitutionally “suspect,” Lukumi made clear. Recent Supreme Court free exercise cases have emphasized this limitation. Over the past decade, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union are replaying the same story that played out in the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1980s and 1990s and have gradually weakened their religious freedom provisions into a guarantee of government neutrality alone. In their most recent cases, these pan-European high courts have upheld blatantly discriminatory regulations of Muslim and Jewish ritual slaughtering, favoring animal welfare over religious freedom. These courts need to take a lesson from Laycock’s argument in Lukumi that neutrality requires states not to take sides for or against religion and not to uphold laws that have the mere pretense of neutrality while targeting the core practices of religious minorities.
We investigate the influence of the Prandtl number ($\textit{Pr}$) on penetrative internally heated convection (IHC) in both non-rotating and rotating regimes using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. By varying $\textit{Pr}$ between 0.1 and 100, we show that the global mean temperature $\overline {\langle T \rangle }$ is not very sensitive to $\textit{Pr}$, and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behaviour of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux $\overline {\langle wT \rangle }$. In the non-rotating case, low-$\textit{Pr}$ fluids exhibit a ‘symmetry recovery’ where turbulent stirring agitates the stable layer, whereas high-$\textit{Pr}$ fluids transition towards a ‘dead zone’ of suppressed fluctuations. Under rotation, we find that $\overline {\langle wT \rangle }$ is enhanced across all Prandtl numbers, though global cooling efficiency, measured by the reduction in $\overline {\langle T \rangle }$, is only improved for $\textit{Pr}\geqslant 1$ due to the emergence of Ekman pumping. These results demonstrate that while IHC shares some scaling similarities with Rayleigh–Bénard convection at the top boundary, the internal stratification creates a unique sensitivity to $\textit{Pr}$ that is critical for understanding heat transport in planetary and stellar interiors.
Chapter 2 focuses on a new, distinct style of postwar avant-garde emerging in Yugoslavia in the 1950s – modernist music that incorporates Byzantine chants and a system of eight modes. Serbian composer Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac, one of the first transcribers of Byzantine chants and their classification into eight modes – or Octoechos – opened the door for the reemergence of Orthodox Christian liturgical choral music at the turn of the twentieth century. However, in 1956, Ljubica Marić introduced a new style of modernism in Yugoslav music that featured Byzantine and folk motives interspersed with contemporary techniques. As the first professional woman composer in Yugoslavia, Marić paved the way for new generations of women and composers who were searching for ways to express their Serbian heritage through music at a time when the country was redefining its national identity. Furthermore, she also set the stage for composers like Miloš Petrović, who developed a distinct, experimental style by combining Western (jazz, improvisation, and popular genres) with Eastern (Byzantine Orthodox Christian chants).
A consistent three-equation shallow-flow model is derived for Herschel–Bulkley fluids propagating down an inclined plane. A rigorous asymptotic method is used to incorporate the complex rheological properties of the material into the model. Difficulties arise from the coexistence inside the flow of a sheared layer, in which the material is largely above the yielding threshold, and a pseudoplug layer, in which the material is just on the verge of yielding. The derivation of the model is based on two steps. First, the flow variables are expanded up to the first order of accuracy in terms of flow aspect ratio, in both the sheared and the pseudoplug layers. A specific generalization of the tensorial constitutive law is proposed, allowing us to implement a regular perturbation method in the entire domain. Second, the mass, momentum and energy balance equations are formally averaged over the flow depth. This results in three coupled equations for the fluid depth, the average velocity and a third variable, the enstrophy, related to the internal shearing of the flow. The final model has the structure of a fully hyperbolic system with relaxation source terms, and is adapted to represent dry fronts and material stoppage. A linear stability analysis is performed, showing a stabilizing effect of plasticity in good agreement with experimental results. A simple well-balanced numerical scheme is proposed, and various flow configurations are simulated, including roll waves and dam-break problems. The relative influences of plasticity, shear-thinning and shearing in the pseudoplug are investigated.
The text explores ‘Black Box Music,’ an artistic research experiment investigating human–technology relations in musical improvisation. The authors describe performances in which each musician plays an unfamiliar, complex, custom-built instrument designed by another team member. These ‘black box’ devices – ranging from AI-based systems to assemblages of analogue devices – cannot be fully understood or controlled, thus foregrounding questions of agency, sense-making, and aesthetic experience. Drawing on Actor-Network Theory, phenomenology, and philosophies of technology, the authors show how performers, instruments, and audience form a dynamic network of actants whose roles and intentions remain ambiguous. Players initially struggle to ‘read’ the instruments’ behaviour, shifting from reactive analysis toward proactive improvisation. This process blurs embodiment and alterity: the instruments alternately function as transparent extensions of the body and as quasi-autonomous others. Such ambiguity invites anthropomorphisation and even ritualised interaction, echoing historical entanglements of music, magic, and spirituality. Audience members, too, encounter indeterminate agency and must negotiate aesthetic meaning without clear attribution of sound to human or machine. The project demonstrates how complexity and unpredictability destabilise traditional notions of control, revealing improvisation as collective, participatory sense-making and highlighting the emergent, co-creative agency of both humans and technological instruments.
The poignant Epilogue, titled “1991,” depicts the dissolution of Yugoslavia as a functional federal state and the violence at the start of the interrepublic war. With the collapse of the political state, all artistic activities in Yugoslavia, and especially Serbia, once a major attraction for experimental musicians and artists from East and West, came to a complete halt. With the brutality of the war, the ensuing mass exodus (brain drain) of artists, students, and harsh economic sanctions imposed against Serbia, the once-fertile Yugoslav avant-garde music scene never managed to recapture its artistic and experimental glory days of the Cold War era.
Automation anxiety is reshaping British game development at a moment when generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is being positioned as both creative catalyst and labour-displacing threat. Grounded in anthropology and in dialogue with social theory and memory studies, we examine how developers experience ‘life on the edge of time’ in a sector tasked with future-making amid intersecting constraints and expectations. Through ethnographic vignettes, we contend that anxiety operates as a temporal orientation, one that is fundamentally polytemporal: a condition that folds together industry memories of past technological surges, intensifies present pressures, and animates competing projections of what comes next. We show how automation anxiety exceeds individual experience to function as a collective, industry-wide condition, revealing how industry memory operates as both repetition and interpretive resource in moments of technological upheaval. By situating automation anxiety at the intersection of media rhetoric, collective memory, and technological innovation, this article advances a sociocultural account of anxiety as a polytemporal orientation capable of both constraining and catalysing possible futures.
Despite common associations with plague pits and mass graves, many individuals who succumbed to the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century AD, and to the numerous subsequent outbreaks of plague, were buried in parish cemeteries. This limits the usefulness of contemporaneous cemetery assemblages for the establishment of comparative, non-catastrophic (or ‘attritional’) demographic profiles for medieval populations in Britain. Drawing from three earlier cemeteries, this study reveals similarities in age-at-death and survivorship profiles for adults, offering a characteristic pre-Black Death profile that helps reinforce the distinctiveness of the over-representation of individuals aged 15–24 years among plague burials.
The importance of copyright law is generally not reflected in media law and policy. Recent legislative initiatives, such as the European Media Freedom Act, have failed to address the chilling effects of restrictive copyright rules on media activities. New forms and platforms for digital journalism and the increasing role of artificial intelligence require adaptation of the legal framework. A holistic legal approach is needed to address threats to values such as freedom of expression and of the press. The role of the media as ‘public watchdog’ creates constitutional imperatives, derived from European human rights instruments, to enable them to use subject matter protected by copyright. This chapter argues that the emerging theory of digital constitutionalism can help to develop a common framework for media and copyright law. It identifies copyright limitations and exceptions as the most appropriate mechanisms to enable this. The chapter proposes reforms of copyright exceptions to remove the chilling effects created by exclusive rights and to facilitate the media’s use of information in their role as democracy’s Fourth Estate. The chapter proposes further concretising of digital constitutionalism, placing media and copyright law within a broad regulatory framework for constitutionally protected values in the digital space.