This study examined emotional interference and facilitation in cognitive processing among heritage bilingual and monolingual young adults across six tasks varying in emotional and linguistic demands. Results showed that bilinguals often exhibited comparable or more efficient processing than monolinguals in more demanding conditions (i.e., nonword rejection, high-load working memory tasks). Emotional valence effects were task-dependent and rarely differed across language groups, likely reflecting bilinguals’ dominance in English. Moreover, heritage bilingual performance was shaped by both English and Spanish language proficiency, as well as the age of second-language acquisition (AoA). Cognitive cost and valence effects varied by task, highlighting the interaction between task demands and bilingual language background. Findings emphasize the importance of individual bilingual experiences and task context in understanding cognitive and emotional processing, suggesting that group differences are not uniform but depend on nuanced language and task factors.

In the practice of archaeological research in Peru, a set of economic, political, and ethical contradictions can be recognized in the relationships between archaeologists, excavation technicians, and other groups. It has been observed that our social relationships in fieldwork and other archaeological practice spaces reproduce the principles of the free market, individual competition, and labor exploitation. However, a medium-term archaeological project, the Chicama Archaeological Program (PRACH), has been established on the northern coast of Peru, confronting those contradictions to transform socioeconomic relationships in the discipline. Over time, crew members and participants in this program have transformed their ways of being, transcending the conventional boundaries of mere workers. Despite the pervasive influence of the laws of the market on our social fabric, a conscious political stance has emerged as a counterforce, aiming to overcome the alienating effects of neoliberalism. Thus, our crew prioritizes cooperation, solidarity, and care over competition, individualism, selfishness, and immediate and utilitarian relationships. A host of challenges must be confronted, but the motivation for this effort lies in adopting an alternative, novel, and conscious approach to the inequalities generated by conventional forms of interpersonal interaction, especially in our archaeological practice.

The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model (Welk, 1999) has provided a specific framework to understand children’s and adolescents’ physical activity behavior. The objectives were (1) to analyze whether the data collected in Chilean and Spanish adolescents fit the proposed model and (2) to analyze the countries’ differences (Spain vs. Chile) in enabling, predisposing, and reinforcing as well as the demographic factors that influence physical activity. The sample comprised 2318 adolescents from Spain (Mage = 14.5, SD = 1.36; 51.9% females) and 734 from Chile (Mage = 14.7, SD = 1.47; 54.2% females). The variables measured were reinforcing factors: fathers’, mothers’, friends’, and Physical Education teachers’ social support; predisposing factors: perceived competence and enjoyment; enabling factor: body mass index; and demographic factor: country of origin. Results showed that the youth physical activity promotion model was supported by the data collected from Spanish and Chilean adolescents. Nevertheless, differences in the model were observed when comparing the Spanish and Chilean populations. Perceived competence and the father’s social support predict Chilean adolescents’ physical activity. In Spain, perceived competence and the mother’s social support predict adolescents’ physical activity. Therefore, the country of origin is a key factor in understanding physical activity because education and family culture may influence physical activity in different ways.

Focusing on case studies of Shrewsbury, Chester, York, Coventry, and Bristol, this article analyzes how the concept of the “historic town” emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century. Traditionally a town’s historic identity had been understood in a legal and institutional sense. By the end of the eighteenth century, however, the use of the term “ancient” or “historic” to describe a town had become less a claim to long-standing privileges and traditional importance than an indication of a particular appearance and atmosphere, redolent of an era that was increasingly referred to as “the olden time.” A historic town offered the promise of a certain kind of historical experience and ambience that could be strategically exploited in order to attract visitors, and their custom, in greater numbers. The “invention” of the historic town was most obviously a response to the rapid changes consequent upon urbanization. But we need also to consider other factors, including changing attitudes toward the past and the broader consumption of history; developments in architectural history, particularly a new appreciation for the vernacular domestic architecture of the early modern period; and the rise of domestic tourism, facilitated by the advent of railway travel. Finally, the invention of the historic town is also a story about the early origins of heritage and the emergence of a preservationist ethos.

As generative artificial intelligence chatbots become embedded in everyday life, concerns about their psychological risks are growing. Emerging reports describe cases of artificial intelligence-induced or -associated psychosis (hereafter artificial intelligence (AI) psychosis) in which intensive chatbot use is associated with delusional thinking patterns. This paper proposes a provisional mechanism wherein baseline user vulnerabilities and engagement patterns interact with generative artificial intelligence characteristics, such as sycophancy and hallucination, contributing to delusional ideation. It subsequently outlines clinical, design and regulatory strategies that may help mitigate risks.

In collisionless astrophysical plasmas, turbulence mediates the partitioning of free energy among cascade channels, and its dissipation into ion and electron heat. The resulting ion heating is often anisotropic, with ions observed to be preferentially heated perpendicular to the local magnetic field; understanding the mechanisms responsible for this heating is a key step in understanding the evolution of such plasmas. In this paper, we use the framework of quasi-linear theory to compute analytically the heating rates of ions interacting with turbulent, large-scale Alfvénic fluctuations. We show how the imbalance of the turbulence (the difference in energies between Alfvénic fluctuations travelling parallel and antiparallel to the magnetic field) modifies the spatiotemporal spectrum of these fluctuations, allowing the heating mechanism to smoothly transition between stochastic heating in balanced turbulence and cyclotron-resonant heating in imbalanced turbulence. The resultant heating rate is found to have a general form regardless of the level of imbalance, exhibiting a suppression related to the conservation of the ions’ magnetic moment at small turbulent amplitudes and recovering previous empirical results in a formal calculation. The results of this work help to consolidate our qualitative understanding of ion heating within astrophysical plasmas, as well as yielding specific quantitative predictions to analyse simulations and observations.